Theory/Model: TAM
- Description
- Diagram
- Constructs
- Contexts
- Indicators by construct
Technology Acceptance Model
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was initially presented by Davis (1986), while conducting his doctoral thesis. This model is an adaptation to Theory Reasoned Action (TRA) (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975), where the main objective is to explain the behavior of the use of information systems (Almeida, 2002; Davis et al., 1989). Later, in 1989, with the works developed by Davis, Bagozzi & Warshaw (Davis et al., 1989) the TAM was finally conceptualized, where it gained visibility.
The Technology Acceptance Model intends to explain the behavior of the users of a computer system, claiming that the use of the computer system depends directly on the intention that the individual has in using it (Almeida, 2002).
TAM refer that Behavioral Intention to Use results from the influence of the user's Attitude Toward Using and Perceived Usefulness. As a result, Attitude Toward Using is influenced by two essential factors, Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use. Davis et al. (1989) consider that the Perceived Ease of Use can also affect the Perceived Usefulness of the system, while both are influenced by External Variables. The most current version is TAM 3, which presents a complete nomological network (integrated model) of the determinants of IT adoption and use by individuals (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008).
References: (Almeida, 2002; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Davis, 1986; Davis et al., 1989; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Venkatesh & Bala, 2008)
Note: This diagram only contains the constructs proposed in the original theory/model.
Note: This list contains not only the constructs proposed in the original theory/model but also the constructs proposed by the authors that applied the theory/model in a particular context.
Note: This list contains the contexts were the theory/model was used/applied.
Note 1: This list contains not only the constructs proposed in the original theory/model but also the constructs proposed by the authors that applied the theory/model in a particular context.
Note 2: Are only presented the constructs that are described in the literature in terms of indicators.
Note 2: Are only presented the constructs that are described in the literature in terms of indicators.
- Construct: Accuracy
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will Improve the efficiency of recording and counting ballots. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will reduce the incidence of errors when transferring data to a central location. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will reduce the incidence of ballot counting errors. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007)
- Construct: Actual System Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified
- Construct: Actual Usage
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I have accessed the program information pages on the e-learning system. Likert 1-7, Never to More than once a day e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I have accessed the news pages on the e-learning system. Likert 1-7, Never to More than once a day e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I have accessed the study units on the e-learning system. Likert 1-7, Never to More than once a day e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) How many short messages do you send during a month? Selection Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) How frequently do you use the SMS? Selection Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010)
- Construct: Asset Specificity
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) For the purchase of this product, there is an online store(s) that takes less effort to order than other online stores. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) For the purchase of this product, there is an online store(s) that I am more comfortable with than other online stores. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) For the purchase of this product, there is an online store(s) that takes less time to order than other online stores. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006)
- Construct: Attitude
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) All things considered my continuing to use CBS in my job is: Extremely Negative to Extremely Positive Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) All things considered my continuing to use CBS in my job is: Extremely Good to Extremely Bad Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) All things considered my continuing to use CBS in my job is: Extremely Harmful to Extremely Beneficial Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) All things considered my continuing to use CBS in my job is: Extremely Pleasant to Extremely Unpleasant Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) Using the new e-Recruiting system is a good idea. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) Using the new e-Recruiting system is a wise idea. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) Using the new e-Recruiting system is pleasant. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) Using telemedicine technology in patient care and management is a good idea. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) Using telemedicine technology in patient care and management is unpleasant. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) Using telemedicine technology is beneficial to my patient care and management. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999)
- Construct: Attitude Towards Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using broadband Internet is a good idea. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) Using broadband Internet is unpleasant. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) Using broadband Internet is beneficial. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) Using the e-learning system is a good idea. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) The e-learning system provides an attractive learning environment. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) Overall, I like using the e-learning system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) Using the -system- will be a bad/good idea (Strongly disagree…Strongly agree). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Venkatesh & Goyal, 2010) The -system- will make work more interesting (Strongly disagree…Strongly agree). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Venkatesh & Goyal, 2010) Working with the -system- will be fun (Strongly disagree…Strongly agree). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Venkatesh & Goyal, 2010) I would like working with the -system- (Strongly disagree…Strongly agree). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Venkatesh & Goyal, 2010) Using PTT is: Wise –Foolish. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) Using PTT is: Good –Bad. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) Using PTT is: Favourable –Unfavourable Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008)
- Construct: Availability
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will be widely distributed, with just five minutes to the nearest REVS machine. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will be available at any convenient place. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will be easily found by voters at public places. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007)
- Construct: Behavioral Intention
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Assuming that I have access to the mobile services, I intend to use them. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006) I intend to increase my use of mobile services in the future. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006) I intend to continue using CBS in the next 6 months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) I intend to continue using CBS to perform my job functions in the next 6 months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) I intend to use CBS frequently in the next 6 months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) Assuming that I have access to the E-library, I intend to use it. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) I intend to increase my use of the E-library in the future. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) I intend to check the information in the ERP system frequently. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) I intend to download reports from the ERP system frequently. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) I intend to get the information regarding our business using the ERP system frequently. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) Assuming I had access to the system, I intend to use it. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) Given that I had access to the system, I predict that I would use it. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) I plan to use the system in the next -n- months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) I intend to use telemedicine technology for patient care as often as needed. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) Whenever possible, I intend not to use telemedicine technology for patient care. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) To the extent possible, I would use telemedicine technology in my patient care frequently. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002)
- Construct: Behavioral Intention to Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I intend to use a PC during my studies. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) I intend to use a PC frequently during my studies. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) I intend to continue using the -system-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) I predict I would continue using the -system-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) I plan to continue using the -system-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) Assuming I had access to the system, I intend to use it. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Given that I had access to the system, I predict that I would use it. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I always try to use Microsoft Word to do a task whenever it has a feature to help me perform it. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) I always try to use Microsoft Word in as many cases/occasions as possible. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996)
- Construct: Cognitive Absorption
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Most times when I get on to the e-learning system, I end up spending more time than I had planned. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) While using the e-learning system, I am absorbed in what I am doing. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I enjoy using the e-learning system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) Time would appear to go by very quickly when I am using a Blackberry. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Sometimes I would lose track of time when I am using a Blackberry. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) I would spend more time using a Blackberry than I had intended. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Most times that I use a Blackberry, I would end up spending more time than I planned. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Time would fly when I used a Blackberry. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) While using a Blackberry, I would be able to block out most other distractions. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) While using a Blackberry, I would be absorbed in what I am doing. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) While using a Blackberry, I would get distracted by other things very easily. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) While using a Blackberry, my attention would not get diverted very easily. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) While using a Blackberry, I would be immersed in the task I am performing. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Using a Blackberry would arouse my imagination. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Interacting with a Blackberry would make me curious. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Using a Blackberry would excite my curiosity. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) When using a Blackberry I would feel in control. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) I would feel that I have no control over my interaction with a Blackberry. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) A Blackberry would allow me to control my interaction with the technology. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006)
- Construct: Cognitive Absorption (Control)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I am in complete control of how I use the new system. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) I am a capable user of the new system’s different functionalities. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) When I use the new system, I frequently make mistakes. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008)
- Construct: Cognitive Absorption (Curiosity)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using the new system awakens my interest. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Interacting with the new system makes me curious about it. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Interacting with the new system makes me curious about health informatics in general. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008)
- Construct: Cognitive Absorption (Focused Immersion)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) When I use the new system I can concentrate on what needs to be done. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) When I interact with the new system I am absorbed in the task I am working on. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Most of the time I do not get distracted from my task when using the new system. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008)
- Construct: Cognitive Absorption (Heightened Enjoyment)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using the new system is enjoyable. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Using the new system gives me pleasure. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Using the new system bores me a lot. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008)
- Construct: Cognitive Absorption (Temporal Dissociation)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Time passes very quickly when I use the new system. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) At times I am not aware of the passage of time when I use the new system. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Frequently I end up spending more time using the new system than initially planned. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008)
- Construct: Comfort with Changes
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I feel comfortable with the changes resulting from the upgrades of The System. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) The continuous pace of upgrades of The System does not bother me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014)
- Construct: Communication Effectiveness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I like using SMS to communicate information. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) I feel using SMS I can express myself more implicitly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) Using SMS allows me to have a variety of ways to communicate with others. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) I don’t like making my communication exposed (through voice) when other people are present. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) SMS can be used anytime and anywhere for convenient communication. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010)
- Construct: Compatibility
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using the Exact card system is compatible with all aspects of my business' sales transactions. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) I think that using the Exact card system fits well with the way my staff and I like to receive payment for goods and services. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Using the Exact card system fits with our business' work style. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Using telemedicine technology fits with the way I work. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) Using telemedicine technology does not fit with my practice preferences. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) Using telemedicine technology fits with my service needs. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) Using the WWW would be compatible with all aspects of my work. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998) I think that using the WWW would fit well with the way I like to work. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998) Using the WWW would fit into my workstyle. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998)
- Construct: Compatibility with Existing Practices
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using the CRM system requires a change in the way that I currently conduct my job. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system is compatible with most aspects of the way I typically conduct my job. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system would force me to change my existing method of conducting my job. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) To use the CRM system, I don’t have to change anything I currently do. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system does not require significant changes in my existing work routine. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006)
- Construct: Compatibility with Preferred Work Style
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using the CRM system fits my preferred routine for conducting my job. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) The CRM system enables me to work in the way I prefer. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system fits well with the way I like to work. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system fits my preferred method for doing my job. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006)
- Construct: Compatibility with Prior Experience
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using the CRM system is compatible with my past computer experience. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system is different from using other software I have used in the past Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system is a new experience for me. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system is not similar to anything that I’ve done before. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system is different from other experiences I have had. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system is a new business experience for me. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006)
- Construct: Compatibility with Values
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Use of the CRM system is consistent with the way I think business should be conducted. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system runs counter to my own values. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system does not fit the way I view the world. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system goes against what I believe computers should be used for. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system is not appropriate for a person with my values regarding the role of computers. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system runs counter to my values about how to conduct my job. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006)
- Construct: Computer Anxiety
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Computers do not scare me at all. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Working with a computer makes me nervous. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I do not feel threatened when others talk about computers. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) It wouldn’t bother me to take computer courses. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Computers make me feel uncomfortable. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I feel atease in a computer class. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I get a sinking feeling when I think of trying to use a computer. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I feel comfortable working with a computer. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Computers make me feel uneasy. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Computers do not scare me at all. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) Working with a computer makes me nervous. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) Computers make me feel uncomfortable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) Computers make me feel uneasy. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008)
- Construct: Computer Playfulness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The following questions ask you how you would characterize yourself when you use computers: spontaneous/ unimaginative/ flexible/ creative/ playful/ unoriginal/ uninventive Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Spontaneous Scale 1-7, Inaccuratey to Very Accurate Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Imaginative Scale 1-7, Inaccuratey to Very Accurate Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Flexible Scale 1-7, Inaccuratey to Very Accurate Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Creative Scale 1-7, Inaccuratey to Very Accurate Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Playful Scale 1-7, Inaccuratey to Very Accurate Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Original Scale 1-7, Inaccuratey to Very Accurate Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Inventive Scale 1-7, Inaccuratey to Very Accurate Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) The following questions ask you how you would characterize yourself when you use computers: spontaneous; creative; playful; unoriginal. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008)
- Construct: Computer Self-efficacy
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I could complete the job using the software package if there was no one around to tell me what to do as I go. Likert 1-7, Not al All Confident to Totally Confident Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I could complete the job using the software package if I had only the software manuals for reference. Likert 1-7, Not al All Confident to Totally Confident Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I could complete the job using the software package if I had seen someone else using it before trying it myself. Likert 1-7, Not al All Confident to Totally Confident Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I could complete the job using the software package if I could call someone for help if I got stuck. Likert 1-7, Not al All Confident to Totally Confident Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I could complete the job using the software package if someone else had helped me get started. Likert 1-7, Not al All Confident to Totally Confident Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I could complete the job using the software package if I had a lot of time to complete the job for which the software was provided. Likert 1-7, Not al All Confident to Totally Confident Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I could complete the job using the software package if I had just the built-in help facility for assistance. Likert 1-7, Not al All Confident to Totally Confident Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I could complete the job using the software package if someone showed me how to do it first. Likert 1-7, Not al All Confident to Totally Confident Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I could complete my learning activities using the e-learning system if I had never used a system like it before. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I could complete my learning activities using the e-learning system if I had only the system manuals for reference. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I could complete my learning activities using the e-learning system if I had seen someone else using it before trying it myself. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I could complete the job using a software package if there was no one around to tell me what to do as I go. Guttman 1-10 Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) I could complete the job using a software package if I had just the built-in help facility for assistance. Guttman 1-10 Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) I could complete the job using a software package if someone showed me how to do it first. Guttman 1-10 Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) I could complete the job using a software package if I had used similar packages before this one to do the same job. Guttman 1-10 Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008)
- Construct: Consistency
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The layout of the text in the upgrades is consistent with existing pages in The System. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) The fonts and design of labels of the upgrades are consistent with existing ones in The System. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) Overall, the layout of The System has been consistent throughout the upgrades that have been taking place. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014)
- Construct: Content Quality
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I search and share the related course content from the e-learning system to help my learning. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) Content on the e-learning system is updated on a regular basis. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) The e-learning system often provides the updated information. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011)
- Construct: Continuance Behavior
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) What percentage of your clients do you serve using the system? Percentage Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) What percentage of your working hours do you spend on using the IS? Percentage Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) What percentage of your workload do you deal with using the IS? Percentage Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015)
- Construct: Continuance Intention
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I intend to continue using the IS rather than discontinue its use. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) My intentions are to continue using the IS rather than manual processing or other alternative means. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) I plan to continue using the IS in my job. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015)
- Construct: Customization
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The upgrades of The System allow me to have more customized contents (e.g., selected news). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) The upgrades of The System allow me to have a more customized interface. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014)
- Construct: Disconfirmation
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Comparing my initial expectations about the IS with my actual usage experience, I found that The IS improved my sales performance better than I initially expected. Likert 1-4 Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) Comparing my initial expectations about the IS with my actual usage experience, I found that The IS increased my personal productivity better than I initially expected. Likert 1-4 Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) Comparing my initial expectations about the IS with my actual usage experience, I found that The IS enhanced my job effectiveness better than I initially expected. Likert 1-4 Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) Comparing my initial expectations about the IS with my actual usage experience, I found that The IS was more helpful for my job than I initially expected. Likert 1-4 Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015)
- Construct: Experience
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified
- Construct: External Computing Support
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) A specific person (or group) is available for assistance with hardware difficulties. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) A specific person (or group) is available for assistance with software difficulties. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Specialized instruction and education concerning software is available to me. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Guidance is available to me in the selection of hardware, software, printers, and other equipment. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997)
- Construct: External Influence
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I read/see news reports that using the e-learning system is a good way of learning. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) Expert opinions depict a positive sentiment for using the e-learning system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) Mass media reports convince me to use the e-learning system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011)
- Construct: External Training
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Operation systems. Scale 1 to 5, Never to Very Great Extent Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Spreadsheets. Scale 1 to 5, Never to Very Great Extent Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Word processing. Scale 1 to 5, Never to Very Great Extent Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Application packages (e.g., accounting or payroll packages). Scale 1 to 5, Never to Very Great Extent Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997)
- Construct: External Variables
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified
- Construct: Habit
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using the IS has become automatic to me. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) Using the IS comes naturally to me. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) When faced with a particular task, using the IS is an obvious choice for me. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) I have a habit of using the IS. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015)
- Construct: Image
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) People in my organization who use the system have more prestige than those who do not. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) People in my organization who use the system have a high profile. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) Having the system is a status symbol in my organization. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) Merchants who use the Exact card sytem have more prestige than those who do not. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Merchants who use the Exact card system have a higher profile than those who do not. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Having na Exact card system is a status symbol among the merchants I know. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001)
- Construct: Individualism/Collectivism
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Being accepted as a member of a group is more important than having autonomy and independence. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Being accepted as a member of a group is more important than being independent. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Group success is more important than individual success. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Being loyal to a group is more important than individual gain. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Individual rewards are not as important as group welfare. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) It is more important for a manager to encourage loyalty and a sense of duty in subordinates than it is to encourage individual initiative. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006)
- Construct: Information Credibility
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) In choosing a particular online retailer, the information provided by Bizrate.com was: Not Dependable-Dependable B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) In choosing a particular online retailer, the information provided by Bizrate.com was: Not Credible-Credible B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) In choosing a particular online retailer, the information provided by Bizrate.com was: Not Trustworthy-Trustworthy B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006)
- Construct: Intention to Participate
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) If web-based voting were available, would you use it. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007) If telephone voting were available, would you use it. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007)
- Construct: Intention to Use (Use)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I predict that I will use the new features when they become available. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I intend to use the new features when they become available. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) Given the chance, I intend to use Bizrate.com Website in my future online shopping of the product. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) Given the chance, I predict that I would use Bizrate.com Website in my future online shopping of the product. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) It is likely that I use Bizrate.com Website in my future online shopping of the product. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) I would use mobile shopping to shop in the store. Scale 1 to 7 Barcode Scanner and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader (Venkatesh, Aloysius, Hoehle, & Burton, 2017) I intend to use mobile shopping the next time I see it in the store. Scale 1 to 7 Barcode Scanner and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader (Venkatesh, Aloysius, Hoehle, & Burton, 2017) I will not use mobile shopping the next time I see the system in the store. Scale 1 to 7 Barcode Scanner and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader (Venkatesh, Aloysius, Hoehle, & Burton, 2017) Assuming that I have access to the digital library, I intend to use it. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I intend to increase my use of the digital library in the future. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I would use the web for gathering information from VA TAX. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) I would use VA TAX services provided over the web. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) Interacting with the VA TAX over the web is something that I would do. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) I would not hesitate to provide information to the VA TAX website. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) I would use the web to inquire about VA TAX services. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) I will use the e-learning system on a regular basis in the future. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I will frequently use the e-learning system in the future. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I will strongly recommend others to use the e-learning system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I will use PTT in the future. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) If I buy a new mobile handset, I will pay attention to PTT capability of the handset. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) If I change the mobile operator, I will ensure that they offer PTT. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) I intend to use telemedicine technology in my patient care and management when it becomes available in my department or hospital. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) I intend to use telemedicine technology to provide health-care services to patients as often as needed. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) I intend not to use telemedicine technology in my patient care and management routinely. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) Whenever possible, I intend not to use telemedicine technology in my patient care and management. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) To the extent possible, I would use telemedicine to do different things, clinical or nonclinical. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) To the extent possible, I would use telemedicine in my patient care and management frequently. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) I always try to use Discussion Database to do a task whenever it has a feature to help me perform it. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) I always try to use Discussion Database in as many cases/occasions as possible. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) I intend to use mobile systems in the future. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) I expect mobile systems to make my work more convenient. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) I will frequently use mobile systems in the future. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) I will strongly recommend others to use mobile systems. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) Assuming I had access to the system, I intend to use it. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000) Given that I had access to the system, I predict that I would use it. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000)
- Construct: Intentions
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) It is very likely that I would use the Blackberry. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) I will use the Blackberry the next time I need a PDA. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) I will definitely try a Blackberry Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006)
- Construct: Intentions to Adopt
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Once the trial period is over, I will be interested in continuing to use a smart card payment system in my business. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Once the trial period is over, I will arrange to permanently adopt a smart card payment system as soon as possible. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Once the trial period is over, I won't see much need to continue to use a smart card payment system in my business. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Once the trail period is over, I will recommend that my fellow merchants get a smart card payment system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Assuming I have access to WIMD, I intend to adopt it. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) Given that I have access to WIMD, I predict that I would adopt it. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005)
- Construct: Internal Computing Support
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) A specific person (or group) is available for assistance with hardware difficulties. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) A specific person (or group) is available for assistance with software difficulties. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Specialized instruction and education conceming software is avaiiabie to me. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Guidance is available to me in the selection of hardware, software, printers, and other equipment. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997)
- Construct: Internal Training
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Operation systems. Scale 1 to 5, Never to Very Great Extent Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Spreadsheets. Scale 1 to 5, Never to Very Great Extent Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Word processing. Scale 1 to 5, Never to Very Great Extent Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Application packages (e.g., accounting or payroll packages). Scale 1 to 5, Never to Very Great Extent Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997)
- Construct: Internet Self-efficacy
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I feel confident in the e-learning system finding information and downloading files. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I feel confident in the e-learning system attaching files to emails. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I feel confident in the e-learning system exchanging messages with other users in discussion forums. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I feel confident in the e-learning system posting messages on a bulletin board. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011)
- Construct: Interpersonal Influence
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) My supervisor thinks that I should use the e-learning system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) My colleagues think that I should use the e-learning system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) My friends think that I should use the e-learning system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011)
- Construct: Job Relevance
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) In my job, usage of the system is important. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) In my job, usage of the system is relevant. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) The use of the system is pertinent to my various job-related tasks. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008)
- Construct: Job Satisfaction
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Overall, I am satisfied with my job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) I am satisfied with the way I work at the moment. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) I am satisfied with the important aspects of my job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013)
- Construct: Knowledge of Search Domain
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I am familiar with the subject domain that I search for on the E-library. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) I am knowledgeable in the topic to search for on the E-library. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001)
- Construct: Learning Goal Orientation
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I look for opportunities to develop my work ability. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I learn to develop my work ability. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I enjoy challenging environment. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I prefer to work in situations. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I prefer to develop competence through expanding my work ability. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I prefer to develop competence through mastering challenging situations. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011)
- Construct: Management Support
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Management is aware of the benefits that can be achieved with the use of computers. Scale 1 to 5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Management always supports and encourages the use of computers for job-related work. Scale 1 to 5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Management provides most of the necessary help and resources to enable people to use computers. Scale 1 to 5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Management is really keen to see that people are happy with using computers. Scale 1 to 5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Management provides good access to hardware resources when people need them. Scale 1 to 5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Management provides good access to various types of software when people need them. Scale 1 to 5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997)
- Construct: Masculinity/Femininity
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) It is preferable to have a man in high level position rather than a woman. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) There are some jobs in which a man can always do better than a woman. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) It is more important for men to have a professional career than it is for women to have a professional career. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Solving organizational problems requires the active forcible approach which is typical of men. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Women do not value recognition and promotion in their work as much as men do. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006)
- Construct: Media Fit (Information Exchange)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Mobile communication systems are the proper media for: Exchanging information. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) Mobile communication systems are the proper media for: Retrieving information. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009)
- Construct: Media Fit (Solve Problems)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Mobile communication systems are the proper media for: Decision-making. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) Mobile communication systems are the proper media for: Gaining an overview of the situation. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) Mobile communication systems are the proper media for: Asking questions. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) Mobile communication systems are the proper media for: Solving problems. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009)
- Construct: Mobility
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will save me from having to wait in line to vote. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will save me time driving to a polling location. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will not require voters to go to a specific polling location. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007)
- Construct: Network Externality
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Most employees in my office use the e-learning system frequently. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) Most employees in my department use the e-learning system frequently. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) Most employees in my company use the e-learning system frequently. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011)
- Construct: Objective Usability
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified
- Construct: Output Quality
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The quality of the output I get from the system is high. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) I have no problem with the quality of the system’s output. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) I rate the results from the system to be excellent. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008)
- Construct: Peer Influence
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) People who influence my clinical behavior think that I should use telemedicine technology. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) People who are important to my health-care services think that I should not use telemedicine technology. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) People who are important in assessing my patient care and management think that I should not use telemedicine technology. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002)
- Construct: Perceived Behavioral Control
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I am able to use CBS. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) I have the resources, and the knowledge, and the ability to use CBS. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002)
- Construct: Perceived Credibility
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using mobile services would not divulge my personal information. Not Specified Cellular Phone m-services I would find mobile services secure in conducting my transactions. Not Specified Cellular Phone m-services
- Construct: Perceived Critical Mass
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Most students in my class used Discussion Database frequently. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) Most students in my group used Discussion Database frequently. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000)
- Construct: Perceived Ease of Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Learning to use the upgrades of The System is easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) My interaction with the upgrades of The System is clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I find the upgrades of The System easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) My interaction with Bizrate.com Website was clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) Interacting with Bizrate.com Website did not require a lot of mental effort. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) I found Bizrate.com Website easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) I was able to easily locate the information that I needed in Bizrate.com Website. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) My interaction with mobile shopping in the store was clear and understandable. Scale 1 to 7 Barcode Scanner and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader (Venkatesh, Aloysius, Hoehle, & Burton, 2017) It was easy for me to become skillful at using mobile shopping in the store. Scale 1 to 7 Barcode Scanner and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader (Venkatesh, Aloysius, Hoehle, & Burton, 2017) I found mobile shopping easy to use in the store. Scale 1 to 7 Barcode Scanner and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader (Venkatesh, Aloysius, Hoehle, & Burton, 2017) Learning to operate mobile shopping in the store was easy for me. Scale 1 to 7 Barcode Scanner and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader (Venkatesh, Aloysius, Hoehle, & Burton, 2017) Learning to operate broadband Internet is easy for me. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) It is easy to perform work using broadband Internet. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) I clearly understand how to use broadband Internet. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) I find broadband Internet inflexible to interact with. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) It is not easy for me to become skilful in using broadband Internet. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) I find broadband Internet easy to use. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) Learning to use mobile services is easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006) It would be easy for me to become skilful at using mobile services. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006) I would find mobile services easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006) Learning to use computers is easy for me. Scale 1 to 5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) I find it easy to get computers to do what I want them to do. Scale 1 to 5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) It is easy for me to become skillful at using computers. Scale 1 to 5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) I find computers easy to use. Scale 1 to 5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) It is easy for me to become skillful in using computers. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) I find computers easy to use. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) I find it easy to get a computer to do what I want it to do. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Learning to operate a computer is easy for me. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) My interaction with CBS has been clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) It is easy to get CBS to do what I want it to do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) Overall, CBS is easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) Learning to operate CBS was easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) Interacting with CBS does not require a lot of my mental effort. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) Using the new system is simple. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) One becomes quickly comfortable in using the new system. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Overall, the new system is easy to use. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Learning how to use the new system is easy. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Learning to operate the CRM system is easy for me. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) I find it easy to get the CRM system to do what I want it to do. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) I find the CRM system easy to use. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) I find the CRM system to be flexible to interact with. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) My interaction with the CRM system is clear and understandable. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) It is easy for me to become skillful at using the CRM system. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Learning to use the digital library is easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) My interaction with the digital library is clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) It would be easy for me to become skillful at using the digital library. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) I would find the digital library easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) Learning to interact with the VA TAX web site would be easy for me. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) I believe interacting with the VA TAX web site would be a clear and understandable process. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) I would find the VA TAX web site to be flexible to interact with. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) It would be easy for me to become skilful at using the VA TAX web site. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) I would find a VA TAX web site difficult to use. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) Interacting with the e-learning system does not require a lot of my mental effort. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I find the e-learning system to be easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) My interaction with the e-learning system is clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I find it easy to get the e-learning system to do what I want it to do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) Learning to use the ERP system is easy for me. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) I find it easy to get the ERP system to do what I want it to do. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) My interaction with the ERP system is clear and understandable. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) I find the ERP system easy to use. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) My interaction with the new e-Recruiting system would be clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) It would be easy for me to become skillful at using new e-Recruiting system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) Overall, I would find the new e-Recruiting system easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) Learning to operate the new e-Recruiting system is easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) I find PTT easy to use. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) For me it is easy to learn how to operate PTT. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) PTT is easily clear and understandable. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) My interaction with the system is clear and understandable. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Interacting with the system does not require a lot of my mental effort. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I find the system to be easy to use. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I find it easy to get the system to do what I want it to do. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Learning to use Discussion Database is easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) I find it easy to get Discussion Database to do what I want it to do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) My interaction with Discussion Database is clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) I find Discussion Database to be flexible to interact with. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) It is easy for me to become skillful at using Discussion Database. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) I find Discussion Database easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) Learning to operate the (task-related) platform portions of (system) is easy for me. Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) I find it easy to get the (task-related) portions of (system) to do what I want it to do. Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) My interaction with the (task-related) portions of (system) has been clear and understandable. Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) I find the (task-related) portions of (system) to be flexible to interact with. Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) It is easy for me to become skillful at using the (task-related) portions of (system). Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) I find the (task-related) portions of (system) easy to use. Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) Learning to operate Microsoft Word is easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) I find it easy to get Microsoft Word to do what I wanf it to do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) My interaction with Microsoft Word is clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) I find Microsoft Word to be flexible to interact with. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) It is easy for me to become skillful at using Microsoft Word. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) I find Microsoft Word easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) Learning to operate a Blackberry would be easy for me. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) I would find it easy to get a Blackberry to do what I want it to do. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) My interaction with a Blackberry would be clear and understandable. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) I would find a Blackberry to be flexible to interact with. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) I would find a Blackberry easy to use. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) It would be easy for me to become skillful at using a Blackberry. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Learning to operate mobile systems will be easy for me. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) I would consider mobile systems to be flexible in terms of interaction. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) It would be easy for me to become skilled in using mobile systems. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) My intention with the system is clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000) Interacting with the system does not require a lot of my mental effort. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000) I find the system to be easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000) I find it easy to get the system to do what I want it to do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will be easy to learn to use in a short time period. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will not be difficult to operate. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will be easy to use. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007) Learning to operate mobile phone messages is easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) It is easy for me to become skillful at using SMS. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) I find it easy to get SMS to do what I want it to do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) I think using SMS is easy. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) Learning to operate the Exact card system was wasy for me and my staff. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) My staff and I find it easy to get the Exact card system to do what we want it to do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Using the Exact card system is clear and understandble for me and my staff. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) My staff and I find the Exact card system to be flexible to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) It was easy for my staff and I to become skillful at using the Exact card system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) My staff and I find the Exact card system easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Learning to operate telemedicine technology would not be easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) I would find it easy to get telemedicine technology to do what I need it to do in my patient care and management. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) It is not easy for me to become skillful in using telemedicine technology. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) I find telemedicine technology easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) My interaction with telemedicine technology would be clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) I find telemedicine technology inflexible to interact with. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) I would find telemedicine technology easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) My interaction with WIMD is clear and understandable. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) Interacting with WIMD does not require a lot of my mental effort. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) I find it easy to get WIMD to do what I want it to do. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) Overall, I find WIMD easy to use. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) My interaction with the WWW is clear and understandable. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998) I believe it would be easy to get the WWW to do what I want it to do. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998) Overall, I believe the WWW would be easy to use. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998) Learning to use the WWW would be easy for me. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998) Learning to operate WriteOne would be easy for me. Scale 1 to 7, Unlikely to Likely WriteOne (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1989) I would find it easy to get WriteOne to do what I want it to do. Scale 1 to 7, Unlikely to Likely WriteOne (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1989) It would be easy for me to become skillful at using WriteOne. Scale 1 to 7, Unlikely to Likely WriteOne (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1989) I would find WriteOne easy to use. Scale 1 to 7, Unlikely to Likely WriteOne (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1989)
- Construct: Perceived Effectiveness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using Bizrate.com Website improved the quality of my decision making in online shopping of the product. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) Using Bizrate.com Website gave me greater control over online shopping of the product. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) Using the Website enabled me to make a more informed decision in shopping the product online. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) I believe that using Bizrate.com Website is a more effective way of shopping the product online. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006)
- Construct: Perceived Efficiency
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Without using Bizrate.com Website, I would have to spend more time to find out who are selling the product online. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) Without using Bizrate.com Website, I would have to spend more effort to find out who are selling the product online. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) Without using Bizrate.com Website, I would have to visit many Websites to find out who are selling the product online. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006)
- Construct: Perceived Enjoyment
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I find using the e-learning system to be enjoyable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) The actual process of using the e-learning system is pleasant. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I have fun using the e-learning system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I have fun using the ERP system. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) Using the ERP system is pleasant. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) I find using the ERP system to be enjoyable. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) I enjoy using. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) I like to use new technologies. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) I find using the system to be enjoyable. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) The actual process of using the system is pleasant. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I have fun using the system. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I would have fun interacting with a Blackberry. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Using a Blackberry would provide me with a lot of enjoyment. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) I would enjoy using a Blackberry. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Using a Blackberry would bore me. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) I find using the system to be enjoyable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) The actual process of using the system is pleasant. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) I have fun using the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) Using SMS brings much pleasure to me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) I like sending and receiving interesting greeting and humorous short messages. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) Using SMS makes life fun. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) Using SMS makes me feel happy and relaxed. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) Using SMS is exciting. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010)
- Construct: Perceived Financial Resources
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Financial resource (e.g. to pay for communication time, subscription, and/or service) is not a barrier for me in using mobile services. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006) I have enough financial resources (e.g. to pay for communication time, subscription, and/or service) for using mobile services. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006)
- Construct: Perceived Long-term Usefulness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Knowledge of Microsoft Word can increase my flexibility of changing jobs. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) Knowledge of Microsoft Word can increase the opportunity for more meaningful work. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) Knowledge of Microsoft Word can increase the opportunity for preferred future job assignments. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) Knowledge of Microsoft Word can increase the opportunity to gain job security. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996)
- Construct: Perceived Near-term Usefulness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using Microsoft Word can enable me to accomplish tasks more quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) Using Microsoft Word can improve my job performance. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) Using Microsoft Word can make it easier to do my job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) Using Microsoft Word in my job can increase my productivity. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) Using Microsoft Word can enhance my effectiveness on the job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996) I find Microsft Word useful in my job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Microsoft Word (Chau, 1996)
- Construct: Perceived Network Externalities
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) From my observations, the number of SMS users is large. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) Many of my friends and relatives frequently use SMS. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) I have many opportunities to use SMS. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) In my opinion, many mobile phone users frequently use SMS. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) There are various types of SMS. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) In my opinion, as a communication tool, SMS is as common as other ways of communication (e.g., face-to-face and phone conversation). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010)
- Construct: Perceived Performance
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I successfully use the e-learning system to enhance my job effectiveness. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I successfully use the e-learning system to perform my job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I am satisfied with the effect of using the e-learning system on my job performance. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011)
- Construct: Perceived Resources
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I have the resources, opportunities and knowledge for using broadband Internet. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) I would be able to use broadband Internet if I wanted to. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) I have access to the resources I would need for using broadband Internet. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) There are no barriers to my using broadband Internet. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
- Construct: Perceived Service Cost
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I think the equipment cost of using SMS is expensive. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) I think the access cost of using SMS is expensive. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) I think the transaction fee of using SMS is expensive. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010)
- Construct: Perceived Technology Control
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I would have the ability to use telemedicine technology in my patient care and management. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) Using telemedicine technology would be entirely within my control. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) I would not have the knowledge to make use of telemedicine technology in my patient care and management. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) I would have the resources (including training) to make use of telemedicine technology in my patient care and management. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002)
- Construct: Perceived Usefulness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using the upgrades of The System enables me to accomplish tasks more quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) Using the upgrades of The System increases my productivity. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) Overall, the upgrades of The System are useful in my job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I found using mobile shopping in the store to be useful. Scale 1 to 7 Barcode Scanner and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader (Venkatesh, Aloysius, Hoehle, & Burton, 2017) Using mobile shopping in the store added value to my shopping experience. Scale 1 to 7 Barcode Scanner and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader (Venkatesh, Aloysius, Hoehle, & Burton, 2017) The experience of using mobile shopping in the store was useful to me. Scale 1 to 7 Barcode Scanner and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader (Venkatesh, Aloysius, Hoehle, & Burton, 2017) I believe that the experience of using mobile shopping in the store added value to the overall service. Scale 1 to 7 Barcode Scanner and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader (Venkatesh, Aloysius, Hoehle, & Burton, 2017) Using broadband Internet enables me to finish my work more quickly. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) Using broadband Internet cannot improve my work performance. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) Using broadband Internet generally increases my productivity. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) Using broadband Internet cannot enhance my work effectiveness. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) Using broadband Internet makes my work easier. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) Using broadband Internet is not useful to my work. Not Specified Broadband Internet (Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003) Using mobile services would improve my performance in conducting transactions. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006) Using mobile services would make it easier for me to conduct transactions. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006) I would find mobile services useful in conducting my transactions. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006) Using computers improves my job performance. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Using computers increases my productivity on the job. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) I find computers useful in my job. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Using computers enhances my effectiveness on the job. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Using computers enhances my productivity in college. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) I find computers useful in my college activities. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Using computers enhances my effectiveness in college. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Using computers improves my performance in college. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) CBS enables me to accomplish tasks more quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) CBS has improved the quality of the work I do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) CBS makes it easier to do my job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) CBS has enhanced my effectiveness on the job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) CBS has improved my productivity. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) CBS gives me greater control over my job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) I can accomplish my tasks very rapidly by consulting the information contained in the new system. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Using the new system makes me more efficient in my work. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) The new system has improved the quality of my work as a doctor. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Following the new system’s implementation in my clinic, accessing the contents of my patients’ files has become much easier. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Using the CRM system in my job will increase my productivity. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system will enhance my effectiveness on the job. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system will make it easier to do my job. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the CRM system will improve my job performance. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Using the digital library would enable me to accomplish my study more effectively. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) Using the digital library would improve my performance in my study. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) Using the digital library would make it easier for me to do my assignments and prepare for the examination. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) I would find the digital library useful in my study. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) The VA TAX web site would enable me to complete transactions with VA TAX more quickly. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) I think the VA TAX web site would provide a valuable service for me. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) The content of the VA TAX web site would be useless to me. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) The VA TAX web site would enhance my effectiveness in searching for and using VA TAX services. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) I would find the VA TAX web site useful. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) Using the e-learning system improves my learning performance. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) Using the e-learning system enhances my learning effectiveness. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) Using the e-learning system gives me greater control over learning. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) I find the e-learning system to be useful in my learning. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) Using the ERP system would improve my performance in my job. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) Using the ERP system would increase my productivity in my job. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) Using the ERP system would enhance my effectiveness in my job. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) I find the ERP system would be useful in my job. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) Overall, I would find the new e-Recruiting system useful in my job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) Using the new e-Recruiting system enables me to accomplish tasks more quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) Using the new e-Recruiting system increases my productivity. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) If I use the new e-Recruiting system, I will increase my chances of getting a raise. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) I would find the -system- useful in my job (Strongly disagree…Strongly agree). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Venkatesh & Goyal, 2010) Using the -system- in my job would enable me to accomplish tasks more quickly (Strongly disagree…Strongly agree). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Venkatesh & Goyal, 2010) Using the -system- would increase my productivity (Strongly disagree…Strongly agree). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Venkatesh & Goyal, 2010) Using the -system- would improve my job performance (Strongly disagree…Strongly agree). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Venkatesh & Goyal, 2010) PTT helps me to accomplish my task more quickly. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) PTT is useful for me. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) PTT is valuable for my communication effectiveness. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) Using the system improves my performance in my job. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Using the system in my job increases my productivity. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Using the system enhances my effectiveness in my job. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I find the system to be useful in my job. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Using Discussion Database enables me to accomplish tasks more quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) Using Discussion Database improves my performance in the course. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) Using Discussion Database improves my productivity. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) Using Discussion Database enhance my effectiveness in learning. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) Using Discussion Database makes it easier for me to learn. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) I find Discussion Database useful for my learning. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Lotus Domino Discussion Database (Lou, Luo, & Strong, 2000) Using (system) as a (technology type) enables me to (accomplish tasks) more quickly. Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) Using (system) improves my (ability to accomplish task). Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) Using (system) as a (technology type) increases my productivity. Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) Using (system) enhances my effectiveness in (accomplishing task). Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) Using (system) makes it easier to do my (task). Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) I find (system) useful in my (task completion). Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) Using a Blackberry would enable me to accomplish tasks more quickly. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Using a Blackberry would improve my job performance. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Using a Blackberry in my job would increase my productivity. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Using a Blackberry would enhance my effectiveness on the job. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Using a Blackberry would make it easier for me to do my job. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) I would find a Blackberry useful in my job. Scale 1–7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Devices (Wakefield & Whitten, 2006) Using the system improves my performance in my job. Likert 1-5 and 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000) Using the system in my job increases my productivity. Likert 1-5 and 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000) Using the system enhances my effectiveness in my job. Likert 1-5 and 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000) I find the system to be useful in my job. Likert 1-5 and 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000) SMS is very useful. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) SMS allows me to conveniently and quickly communicate with others. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) SMS improves the efficiency of my communication with others. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) SMS allows me to understand more information about the world and others. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) I think SMS is indispensable in my life. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Short Message Service (SMS) (Y. B. Lu, Deng, & Wang, 2010) Using the Exact card system enables me and my staff to process payments more quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Using the Exact card system improves the job performance of me and my staff. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Using the Exact card system increases the productivity of me and my staff. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Using the Exact card system enhances the on-the-job effectiveness of me and my staff. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Using the Exact card system makes it easier for me and my staff to do our jobs. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) My staff and I find the Exact card system useful to us in our jobs. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Using telemedicine technology cannot improve my patient care and management. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) Using telemedicine technology cannot enhance my effectiveness in patient care and management. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) Using telemedicine technology can make my patient care and management easier. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) I would find telemedicine technology not useful for my patient care and management. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Chau & Hu, 2002) (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) Using telemedicine can enable me to complete patient care more quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) Using telemedicine can increase my productivity in patient care. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) Using telemedicine cannot enhance my service effectiveness. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Telemedicine Technology (Hu, Chau, Liu Sheng, & Tam, 1999) Use of WIMD can decrease the time needed for my work/study/life tasks. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) Use of WIMD can significantly increase the quality or output of my life. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) Use of WIMD can increase the effectiveness of my performance. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) Use of WIMD can increase the quality of output for the same amount of effort. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) Considering all tasks, the use of WIMD could assist my work/study/life. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) Overall, I find WIMD useful in my daily life. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) Using the WWW would make it easier to do my work. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998) Using the WWW would help me to accomplish tasks more quickly. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998) Using the WWW would improve the quality of the work I do. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998) Using the WWW would give me greater control over my work. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998) Using the WWW would enhance my effectiveness in the MBA program and/or my job. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998) Using WriteOne would improve my performance in the MBA program. Scale 1 to 7, Unlikely to Likely WriteOne (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1989) Using WriteOne in the MBA program would increase my productivity. Scale 1 to 7, Unlikely to Likely WriteOne (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1989) Using WriteOne would enhance my effectiveness in the MBA program. Scale 1 to 7, Unlikely to Likely WriteOne (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1989) I would find WriteOne useful in the MBA program. Scale 1 to 7, Unlikely to Likely WriteOne (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1989)
- Construct: Perceived Usefulness (Productivity)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using mobile systems in my job would enable me to accomplish tasks more quickly. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) Using mobile systems in my job would increase my productivity. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) Using mobile systems would make it easier to do my job. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009)
- Construct: Perceived Usefulness (Resource Advantage)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I would consider mobile systems useful in my job. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) Mobile communication systems are a nice supplement to existing systems. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009) Mobile systems have many advantages over other systems. Likert 1-7 Mobile Technologies (Bouwman & Van De Wijngaert, 2009)
- Construct: Perceived Voluntariness of Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) My superiors expect me to use the system. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) My use of the system is voluntary. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) My supervisor does not require me to use the system. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Although it might be helpful, using the system is certainly not compulsory in my job. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000)
- Construct: Perceptions of External Control
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I have control over using the system. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I have the resources necessary to use the system. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I have the knowledge necessary to use the system. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) Given the resources, opportunities and knowledge it takes to use the system, it would be easy for me to use the system. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) The system is not compatible with other systems I use. Likert 1-7 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I have control over using the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) I have the resources necessary to use the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) Given the resources, opportunities and knowledge it takes to use the system, it would be easy for me to use the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) The system is not compatible with other systems I use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008)
- Construct: Perceptions of Internal Control
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I could complete the job using a software package if there was no one around to tell me what to do as I go. Guttman 1-10 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I could complete the job using a software package if I had never used a package like it before. Guttman 1-10 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I could complete the job using a software package if I had only the software manuals for reference. Guttman 1-10 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I could complete the job using a software package if I had seen someone else using it before trying it myself. Guttman 1-10 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I could complete the job using a software package if I could call someone for help if I got stuck. Guttman 1-10 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I could complete the job using a software package if someone else had helped me get started. Guttman 1-10 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I could complete the job using a software package if I had a lot of time to complete the job for which the software was provided. Guttman 1-10 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I could complete the job using a software package if I had just the built-in help facility for assistance. Guttman 1-10 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I could complete the job using a software package if someone showed me how to do it first. Guttman 1-10 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000) I could complete the job using a software package if I had used similar packages before this one to do the same job. Guttman 1-10 Interactive online help desk system and multimedia system for property management (Venkatesh, 2000)
- Construct: Personal Innovativeness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) If I heard about a new information technology, I would look for ways to experiment with it. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) Among my peers, I am usually the first to try out new information technologies. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) I like to experiment with new information technologies. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014)
- Construct: Personal Innovativeness In Information Technology
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) If I heard about a new information technology, I would look for ways to experiment with it. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) Among my peers, I am usually the first to explore new information technologies. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) I like to experiment with new information technologies. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) In general, I am hesitant to try out new information technologies. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005)
- Construct: Power Distance
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Managers should make most decisions without consulting subordinates Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Managers should not ask subordinates for advice, because they might appear less powerful. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Decision making power should stay with top management in the organization and not be delegated to lower level employees. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Employees should not question their manager's decisions. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) A manager should perform work which is difficult and important and delegate tasks which are repetitive and mundane to subordinates. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Higher level managers should receive more benefits and privileges than lower level managers and professional staff. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Managers should be careful not to ask the opinions of subordinates too frequently, otherwise the manager might appear to be weak and incompetent. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006)
- Construct: Predicted Usage
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) If the choice of a (technology type) platform were up to me, it would likely be (system). Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) If I need to (accomplish task) and the choice was up to me, I would expect to use (system) as a (task-related) platform. Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) If asked, I would likely recommend (system) as a (task-related) platform. Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008) For future (task-oriented) tasks that are totally within my control, I would probably use (system) as a (task-oriented) platform. Not Specified Microsoft Access (Chin, Johnson, & Schwarz, 2008)
- Construct: Prior Computer Experience
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) How many years of experience do you have using computers in general? Direct Answer Not Specified (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000)
- Construct: Privacy
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will prevent tracing ballots to specific voters. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will prevent others from seeing whom I vote for. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007) A REVS that lets me vote at home, work, or other convenient place will protect voters’ identification information. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Remote Electronic Voting Systems (REVS) (Yao & Murphy, 2007)
- Construct: Product Involvement
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) In general, I have strong interest in this product. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) This product is very important to me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) This product matters a lot to me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006)
- Construct: Psychological Ownership of Information Technology
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I personally invested a lot in the implementation of the new system in my clinic. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) When I think about it, I see a part of myself in the new system. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) I feel the new system belongs to all the doctors in my clinic. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) I feel a high level of ownership toward the new system. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) I hardly think of the new system as being my own system . Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) I see myself as a champion of the new system in my clinic. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) I configured the functionalities of the new system to better align it with my medical practice. Likert 0-10, Not at all to a Lot Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008)
- Construct: Relative Advantage
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using the Exact card system improves the quality of the sales transactions my staff and I conduct in our business. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Using the Exact card system gives me and my staff greater control over our business' sales transactions. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001)
- Construct: Relevance
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The features offered by the upgrades of The System relate well to my work. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) The upgrades of The System provide needed functions for my work. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) The resources in the digital library relate well to my study needs. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) The digital library has enough resources for my study needs. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) The resources in the E-library relate well to my study. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) The E-library has enough resources for my study. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001)
- Construct: Result Demonstrability
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I have no difficulty telling others about the results of using the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) I believe I could communicate to others the consequences of using the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) The results of using the system are apparent to me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) I would have difficulty explaining why using the system may or may not be beneficial. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) My staffand Iwould have no difficulty telling others about our experience using the Exact card system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) My staff and I could communicate to others the consequences of using the Exact card system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) The impact of using the Exact card system is apparent to my staff and me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001)
- Construct: Risk Awareness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using Bizrate.com Website made me aware of the level of risk associated with purchasing the product from an online retailer. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) Using Bizrate.com Website made me aware of whether significant potential for loss would be associated with purchasing the product from an online retailer. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) Using Bizrate.com Website made me aware of whether I would confront a negative situation by purchasing the product from an online retailer. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006)
- Construct: Satisfaction
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) How do you feel about your overall experience of IS usage. Scale 1 to 5, Very Dissatisfied to Very Satisfied Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) How do you feel about your overall experience of IS usage. Scale 1 to 5, Very Displeased to Very Pleased Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) How do you feel about your overall experience of IS usage. Scale 1 to 5, Very Frustrated to Very Contented Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) How do you feel about your overall experience of IS usage. Scale 1 to 5, Absolutely Terrible to Absolutely Delighted Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015)
- Construct: Screen Design
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The E-library commands are well depicted by buttons and symbols. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) The layout of the E-library screens is clear and consistent. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001)
- Construct: Screen Layout
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The digital library commands are well depicted by buttons and symbols. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) Layout of the digital library screens is clear and consistent. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014)
- Construct: Self-efficacy
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I could conduct my transactions using the mobile service system if I had just the built-in help facility for assistance. Likert 1-7, Not al All Confident to Totally Confident Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006) I could conduct my transactions using the mobile service system if I had seen someone else using it before trying it myself. Likert 1-7, Not al All Confident to Totally Confident Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006) I could conduct my transactions using the mobile service system if someone showed me how to do it first. Likert 1-7, Not al All Confident to Totally Confident Cellular Phone m-services (Wang, Lin, & Luarn, 2006)
- Construct: Social Influence
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) People around me who use WIMD have more prestige than those who do not. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) People who use WIMD have a high profile. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) Using WIMD is considered a status symbol among my friends. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) People who influence my behavior think that I should use WIMD. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005) My friends think that I should use WIMD. Likert 0-7, No Reply to Agree Wireless Internet Services via Mobile Technology (WIMT) (J. Lu, Yao, & Yu, 2005)
- Construct: Social Norm
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I would use PTT if my friends use it. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) I would use PTT if my family uses it. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008) I think my friends find PTT good. Likert 1-5 Instantaneous Voice Communication Service (Dickinger, Arami, & Meyer, 2008)
- Construct: Subjective Norm
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) My relatives think that I should use a computer. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) My friends believe I should use a computer. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) My professors think I should use a computer. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) I believe that my classmates at college will think I should use a computer. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) People who influence my behaviour think that I should use CBS. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) People who are important to me think that I should use CBS. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Banking System (CBS) (Brown, Massey, Montoya-Weiss, & Burkman, 2002) People who influence my behavior think that I should use the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000) People who are important to me think that I should use the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000) The senior management of this business has been helpful in the use of the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) In general, the organization has supported the use of the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) People who influence my behavior (e.g., coworkers, supervisors, clients) think that I should use the IS. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) People who are important to me (e.g., coworkers, supervisors, clients) think that I should use the IS. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015) People who influence my behavior (e.g., coworkers, supervisors, clients) would welcome my use of the IS in my work. Likert 1-5, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Bhattacherjee & Lin, 2015)
- Construct: System Functionality
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The e-learning system allows learner control over his or her learning activity. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) The e-learning system offers multimedia (audio, video, and text) types of course content. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) The e-learning system provides a means for taking tests and turning in assignments. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) The e-learning system can present course material in a well-organized and readable format. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011)
- Construct: System Interactivity
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The e-learning system enables interactive communication between instructor and learners. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) The e-learning system enables interactive communication among learners. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) The communicational tools in the e-learning system are effective (email, bulletin board, chat room, etc.). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011)
- Construct: System Response
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) When you are using the e-learning system, system response is fast. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) In general, the response time of the e-learning system is consistent. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011) In general, the response time of the e-learning system is reasonable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree e-Learning System (Cheng, 2011)
- Construct: System Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Are you an intensive user of the new system? Likert 0-10, Not at all to Very Much Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) How frequently do you use the new system? Likert 0-10, Never to Frequently Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) For what percentage of your patients do you consult or use the new system? Likert 0-10, a Minimal Percentage to All of Them Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008)
- Construct: Terminology
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I understand the terms used throughout the digital library. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001) The use of terms throughout the digital library is consistent. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) (Hong, Thong, Wong, & Tam, 2001)
- Construct: Timeliness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The upgrades of The System enable faster responses to my requests. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) The upgrades improve the speed of The System. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Agile Web Portal (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) The response time of the digital library is satisfactory. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014) The digital library performs too slowly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Digital Library (Hong, Chan, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2014)
- Construct: Trialability
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Before deciding whether to use the Exact card system, my staff and I were able to properly try it out. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) My staff and I have had a great deal of opportunity to try the Exact card system in various situations. (e.g., a customer asks to pay for a purchase with a combination of Exact and cash). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001)
- Construct: Trust of State Government
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I think I can trust VA TAX. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) The VA TAX can be trusted to carry out online transactions faithfully. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) In my opinion, VA TAX is trustworthy. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) I trust VA TAX to keep my best interests in mind. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005)
- Construct: Trust of the Internet
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The internet has enough safeguards to make me feel comfortable using it to interact with the VA TAX online. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) I feel assured that legal and technological structures adequately protect me from problems on the internet . Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005) In general, the internet is now a robust and safe environment in which to transact with the VA TAX. Not Specified e-Government (Carter & Belanger, 2005)
- Construct: Turnover Intention
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I think often about quitting my job at my current employer. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) I intend to quit my actual job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013) I think about leaving my actual employer. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Human Resources Information System (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2013)
- Construct: Uncertainty
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) It is risky for me to make a transaction with many of the online retailers. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) There is significant potential for loss when making a transaction with many of the online retailers. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) Many of the online retailers put me in a negative situation when I make a transaction with them. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006) Many of the online retailers do not securely handle my personal information, including credit card numbers. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree B2C net-enabled commerce (Son, Kim, & Riggins, 2006)
- Construct: Uncertainty Avoidance
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Rules and regulations are important because they inform workers what the organization expects of them. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Order and structure are very important in a work environment. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) It is important to have job requirements and instructions spelled out in detail so that people always know what they are expected to do. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) It is better to have a bad situation that you know about, than to have an uncertain situation which might be better. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) Providing opportunities to be innovative is more important than requiring standardized work procedures. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) People should avoid making changes because things could get worse. Not Specified Computer and PDA (Srite & Karahanna, 2006) It is important to have job requirements and instructions spelled out in detail so that employees always know what they are expected to do. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) Rules and regulations are important because they inform employees what the organization expects of them. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) Standard operating procedures are helpful to employees on the job. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005) Instructions for operations are important for employees on the job. Likert 0-10, Completely Disagree to Agree Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (Hwang, 2005)
- Construct: Usage Behavior
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) On average, how frequently do you use a computer for job-related work? Less than once a month; Once a month; A few times a month; A few times a week; About once a day; Several times a day. Selection Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) On average, how much time do you spend per day using a computer for job-related work? Almost never; Less than 1/2 hour; From 1/2 hour to 1 hour; 1-2 hours; 2-3 hours; More than 3 hours. Selection Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) For the following specific job tasks, please indicate whether you use a computer to perform each task. Producing report; Letters and memos; Data storage/retrieval; Making decisions; Analyzing trends; Planning/forecasting; Analyzing problems/alternatives; Budgeting; Controlling and guiding activities; Electronic communications with others. Selection Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997) Please indicate whether you use any of the following computer software. Spreadsheets (e.g.. Excel, Lotus 1-2-3); Word processing (e.g., Word); Database (e.g., dBase); Statistical analysis; Electronic mail; Programming languages (e.g., COBOL); Graphics; Application packages (e.g., accounting or payroll packages). Selection Computer (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997)
- Construct: Usage Intensity
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) During a typical day, how many minutes would you spend using the CRM system? Selection, 0; 1–20; 20–60; 60–120; 120–180; > 180 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) How frequently do you access the CRM system? Selection, Never; A few times a year; Monthly; Weekly; Daily; Nearly all the time Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006)
- Construct: Usage Intentions
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I intend to increase my use of the WWW for work in the future. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998) For future work I would use the WWW. Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree World-Wide Web (WWW) (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998)
- Construct: Usage Scope
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Of all features and functions available in the CRM system, what percentage would you estimate that you use on a fairly regular basis? Percentage Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006) Approximately, what percentage of all your client interactions are managed using the CRM system? Percentage Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System (Karahanna, Agarwal, & Angst, 2006)
- Construct: Use Behavior
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) On average, how much time do you spend on the system each day? Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008)
- Construct: User Involvement
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) As a tool for my work at the clinic, I consider the new system to be Useless vs Essential. Scale 0 to 10 Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) As a tool for my work at the clinic, I consider the new system to be Irrelevant vs Relevant. Scale 0 to 10 Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) As a tool for my work at the clinic, I consider the new system to be Means nothing vs Means a lot. Scale 0 to 10 Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) As a tool for my work at the clinic, I consider the new system to be Does not matter to me vs Matters to me. Scale 0 to 10 Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) As a tool for my work at the clinic, I consider the new system to be Trivial vs Fundamental. Scale 0 to 10 Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) As a tool for my work at the clinic, I consider the new system to be Of no concern to me vs Of great concern to me. Scale 0 to 10 Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) As a tool for my work at the clinic, I consider the new system to be Unimportant vs Very important. Scale 0 to 10 Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008)
- Construct: User Participation (Communication)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Informal exchanges concerning the project with other users. Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Informal communication with project management. Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Idea and opinion exchanges concerning the project with other users. Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Discussions with other users regarding your concerns about the project. Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Debates with project management about your ideas and opinions on the project. Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Discussions with project management about your ideas and opinions on the project. Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008)
- Construct: User Participation (Hands-on)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Before the new system was deployed, you took part in Training other doctors who use the new system. Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Before the new system was deployed, you took part in Testing the new system’s interface. Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Before the new system was deployed, you took part in Designing data input screens. Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Before the new system was deployed, you took part in Designing system outputs. Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008)
- Construct: User Participation (Responsibility)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Determining the new system’s information requirements (needs analysis). Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) The final decision regarding vendor and/or hardware and software selection. Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Managing of the project (objectives, schedule, budget). Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008) Making the project a success. Likert 1-10, Strongly Disagree to Agree Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) System (Barki, Paré, & Sicotte, 2008)
- Construct: Visibility
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) In my community, I see many merchants using the Exact card system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) The Exact card system is not very visible in my community. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001)
- Construct: Voluntariness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) My use of the system is voluntary. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) My supervisor does not require me to use the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) Although it might be helpful, using the system is certainly not compulsory in my job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) My business' use of the Exact card system was voluntary. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001) Although suggested to my business, using the Exact card system was not compulsory. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Smart Card (Plouffe, Hulland, & Vandenbosch, 2001)