Theory/Model

Theory/Model details. (MORE INFO)

Theory/Model: IDT


  • Description
  • Diagram
  • Constructs
  • Contexts
  • Indicators by construct

Diffusion of Innovations Theory

The Diffusion of Innovation Theory (IDT) was founded in the area of sociology, and was popularized by Rogers (1962, 1983, 1995, 2003). Rogers synthesized a large number of studies in the field of diffusion, in the fields that initially influenced the theory: anthropology, early sociology, rural sociology, education, industrial sociology and medical sociology. With the synthesis accomplished, Rogers produced a theory of the adoption of innovations between individuals and organizations (Rogers, 1962).

References: (Rogers, 1962, 1983, 1995, 2003)

Note: This diagram only contains the constructs proposed in the original theory/model.


Note: This list contains not only the constructs proposed in the original theory/model but also the constructs proposed by the authors that applied the theory/model in a particular context.

Adoption Decision
Compatibility
Competitive Intensity
Competitive Pressure
Complexity
Costs
E-Business Usage
Ease of Use
Environmental Uncertainty
External Pressure
Frequency Imitation
Image
Impact on Downstream Sales
Impact on Internal Operations
Impact on Marketing and Sales
Impact on Procurement
Impact on Upstream Coordination
M-Business Impact on Firm Performance
M-Business Usage
Management Profile
Managerial Obstacles
Mobile Environment
Network Externality (Use of Complementary Products)
Observability
Outcome Imitation
Partner Pressure
Perceived Benefits
Relative Advantage
Replacement Versus Disenchantment Discontinuance
Result Demonstrability
Security Concern
Sensitivity to Cost Factors
Social Influences
Sources of Influence (External Versus Interpersonal)
Strategic Importance of IT
Technology Competence
Technology Integration
Technology Readiness
Top Management Belief
Trait Imitation
Trialability
Usefulness
Utilization
Visibility
Note: This list contains the contexts were the theory/model was used/applied.

Broadband Internet
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Instant messaging (IM) systems
Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package
Mobile Business (m-business)
Not Specified
Online Services
e-Business
e-Government
Note 1: This list contains not only the constructs proposed in the original theory/model but also the constructs proposed by the authors that applied the theory/model in a particular context.
Note 2: Are only presented the constructs that are described in the literature in terms of indicators.

  • Construct: Adoption Decision
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Is your organization using the e-Government services for the following activities? If not, when do you intend to use it? (a) Ask questions online; (b) Download forms; (c) File applications online; (d) Check validity status; (e) Tender/bidding/handling of transactions online."Already Using it", "in =< 1 yrs", "in 1 < yrs =< 3", "in 3 < yrs =< 5", "in 5 < yrs =< 10", "> 10 yrs"e-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
  • Construct: Compatibility
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Using broadband Internet is compatible with most aspects of my work.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Using broadband Internet fits my work style.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Using broadband Internet fits well with the way I like to work.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Selling over the Internet is compatible with your company’s current selling process.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Buying over the Internet is compatible with your company’s current procurement process.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Conducting transactions over the Internet is compatible with existing distribution channels.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Doing e-business is compatible with your company’s corporate culture and value system.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      I think using the web would fit well with the way that I like to gather information from the VA TAX.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      I think using the web would fit well with the way that I like to interact with the VA TAX.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      Using the web to interact with the VA TAX would fit into my lifestyle.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      Using the web to interact with the VA TAX would be incompatible with how I like to do things.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that using it would not create a disruption to the existing software environment.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that using it would not create a disruption to the data processing environment.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that using it would not create an overall change in values, norms and culture within the company.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Using IM is compatible with all aspects of how I communicate with friends.Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to AgreeInstant messaging (IM) systems(Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
      Using IM is completely compatible with my current situation.Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to AgreeInstant messaging (IM) systems(Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
      I think that using IM fits well with the way I like to communicate.Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to AgreeInstant messaging (IM) systems(Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
      Using IM fits into my communication style.Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to AgreeInstant messaging (IM) systems(Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
      If I were to adopt Windows, it would be compatible with most aspects of my work.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      If I were to adopt Windows, it would fit my work style.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      If I were to adopt Windows, it would fit well with the way I like to work.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      Selling over the mobile platform is compatible with your organization current selling process.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Buying over the mobile platform is compatible with your organization current procurement process.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Conducting transaction over the mobile platform is compatible with existing distribution channels.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Doing m-business is compatible with your organization corporate culture.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      M-business is compatible with existing information infrastructure.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      M-business is compatible with my firm's existing experience with similar systems.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      At the time I subscribed, I felt this online service would fit well with my knowledge base.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed, I felt this online service would be easy for me to adjust to.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed, I felt this online service would fit my lifestyle very well.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed, I felt this online service would fit my daily routine well.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
  • Construct: Competitive Intensity
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Price competition in our business is severe.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Competition in our business is intense.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      We are in a business with very aggressive competitors.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
  • Construct: Competitive Pressure
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      My company experienced competitive pressure to implement m-business.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      My company would have experienced a competitive disadvantage if m-business had not been adopted.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Degree to which the ICT influences the competition in your industry.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Degree affected by competitors in the local market.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Degree affected by competitors in the national market.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: Complexity
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that it would not be difficult to understand the use of ERP.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that it would not be difficult to implement the business processes embedded in ERP.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that it would not be difficult to use ERP to integrate business processes across departments.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that it would not be difficult to manage the organization changes associated with the use of ERP. Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      My company believes that m-business is complex to use.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      My company believes that m-business development is a complex process.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: Costs
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Costs of implementing Internet-based online sales (including hardware, software, training, organizational restructuring, business process reengineering).Direct Answere-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Costs of implementing Internet-based online procurement (including hardware, software, training, organizational restructuring, business process reengineering).Direct Answere-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct: E-Business Usage
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Percentage of sales to businesses conducted online.Percentagee-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Percentage of sales to consumers conducted online.Percentagee-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Percentage of customer services conducted online.Percentagee-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Percentage of procurement conducted online.Percentagee-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct: Ease of Use
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      At the time I subscribed, I felt this online service would be hard to learn.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed, I felt this online service would be quite complicated to master.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed, I felt this online service would be difficult to use.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed, I felt this online service would have a complex, hard-to-learn system.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
  • Construct: Environmental Uncertainty
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Our firm operates in a high turbulent market environment.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our customers frequently change their preferences.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm is unable to reduce market uncertainty.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm is unable to respond to market opportunities.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm operates in a high turbulent technological environment.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
  • Construct: External Pressure
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Please rate the pressure placed on your organization to adopt the use of e-Government services by your competitors.Scale 1 to 7, No Pressure at All to Extreme Pressuree-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
      Please rate the pressure placed on your organization to adopt the use of e-Government services by industry sources (such as trade associations).Scale 1 to 7, No Pressure at All to Extreme Pressuree-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
      Please rate the pressure placed on your organization to adopt the use of e-Government services by various governmental agencies.Scale 1 to 7, No Pressure at Al" to Extreme Pressuree-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
      How often does your organization receive information regarding the adoption of e-Government services from sources outside your organization (such as industry associations, professional associations, or trade newsletters)?Scale 1 to 7, Never to Very Oftene-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
      How often does your organization receive information regarding the adoption of e-Government services from various governmental agencies?Scale 1 to 7, Never to Very Oftene-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
  • Construct: Frequency Imitation
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Our firm adopted ERP because most firms in my industry have already adopted ERP.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because most of our customers have already adopted ERP.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because most of our suppliers have already adopted ERP.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because most of our competitors have already adopted ERP.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
  • Construct: Image
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      People who use the web to gather information from the VA TAX have a high profile.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      People who use VA TAX services on the web have a high profile.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      People who use the web to gather information from the VA TAX have more prestige than those who do not.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      People who use VA TAX services on the web have less prestige than those who do not.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      Interacting with the VA TAX over the web enhances a person’s social status.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      If I were to adopt Windows, it would give me high status in the organization.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      If I were to adopt Windows, I would have more prestige in the organization than people who have not yet adopted it.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      Having Windows is a status symbol in my organization.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
  • Construct: Impact on Downstream Sales
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Sales increased.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Sales area widened.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Customer service improved.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct: Impact on Internal Operations
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Internal processes more efficient.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Employee productivity increased.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Operational costs decreased.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Making internal operations more efficient (example: speed up processing, reduce bottlenecks, reduce errors, notification, control emergencies).Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Increasing staff productivity.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Facilitating communication among employees.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      The compression of business processes.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      The organizational flexibility.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Making the corporate systems and information accessible from any location.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Increasing control.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      The staff motivation increasing.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Reducing the number of employees.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Improving decision making.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Reducing administration workload.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Increasing organization profitability.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Improved employee effectiveness.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Improved employee learning.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Better information quality.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: Impact on Marketing and Sales
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Please indicate the extent to which your mobile applications have impact in sales increasing.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please indicate the extent to which your mobile applications have impact in widening sales area.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please indicate the extent to which your mobile applications have impact in product and service innovation improvement.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please indicate the extent to which your mobile applications have impact in customer service improvement.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please indicate the extent to which your mobile applications have impact in customer satisfaction increasing.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please indicate the extent to which your mobile applications have impact in increasing the convenience to customers.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please indicate the extent to which your mobile applications have impact in facilitating the communication with customers.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: Impact on Procurement
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Inventory costs reduction.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Improving the coordination with suppliers.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Decreasing the procurement costs.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Facilitate inventory management.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Facilitating communication with suppliers.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: Impact on Upstream Coordination
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Coordination with suppliers improved.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Procurement costs decreased.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Inventory costs decreased.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct: M-Business Impact on Firm Performance
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      In terms of its business impacts on the organization, the m-business system has been a success.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      M-business has seriously improved my organization's overall business performance.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      From the perspective of my organization, the costs of m-business outweigh the benefits.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      M-business has had a significant positive effect on my organization.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: M-Business Usage
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Check the box describing the functionalities available in mobile devices in your value chain process (check as many as apply): providing information mobile, making sales mobile, providing services mobile, making purchases mobile, workflow, product searches and comparisons by consumers post-purchase customer support, delivery tracking system, mobile banking or mobile micropayments, mobile brokerage, target advertising using demographic and current location of users information, collect information about user needs, providing services to user proactively, asset management, job dispatch, CRM, data collection; stock/inventory management; wireless data on resource availability; fleet management, decision support system.SelectionMobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please rate the extent to which your mobile business support employees to work independently of corporate office.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please rate the extent to which your mobile business support employees to work immediately when necessary.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please rate the extent to which your internal process are conducted on the mobile platform.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please rate the extent to which your consumer sales activities are supported by the mobile platform.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please rate the extent to which your business sales activities are supported by the mobile platform.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please rate the extent to which your procurement activities are supported by the mobile platform.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please rate the extent to which your consumer services activities are supported by the mobile platform.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: Management Profile
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      My organization’s management personnel has taken part in the following activities: (a) Attended computer classes relating to the Internet; (b) Used Internet services at home; (c) Use Internet services at work; (d) Have formal qualifications in the use and operations of a computer relating to the Internet.Scale 0-1, No-Yese-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
  • Construct: Managerial Obstacles
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Integrating the mobile platform into your overall strategy and business process.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Lacking staff with m-business expertise.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Insufficient top-management support.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Unfriendly operating platform or interface.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: Mobile Environment
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      There is adequate availability of bandwidth on mobile networks.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      There is adequate availability of mobile client devices.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      There is adequate availability of security data standards for mobile applications.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      There is adequate adoption of cellular standards by your country.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      There is adequate availability of mobile applications software packages.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      There is a cost-efficient mobile platform available in the market.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: Network Externality (Use of Complementary Products)
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      At the time I subscribed to this service: I saw other people using books/manuals about this service.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed to this service: I found at least one book or tutorial describing how to use the service, in addition to the original start-up kit.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed to this service: I found books/software about this on-line service that made it easier and quicker to learn the commands.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed to this service: I could rely on books and/or tutorials to reduce the complexity of using the system.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed to this service: I could benefit by books/tutorials that made it easier to learn the commands.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
  • Construct: Outcome Imitation
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Our firm adopted ERP because other firms that have adopted ERP in my industry are very effective in their management.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because other firms that have adopted ERP in my industry have very effective internal communication systems.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because other firms that have adopted ERP in my industry are very profitable.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because other firms that have adopted ERP in my industry maintain very good relationships with their customers.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because other firms that have adopted ERP in my industry maintain very good relationships with their business partners.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because other firms that have adopted ERP in my industry have very high market share.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because other firms that have adopted ERP in my industry have very high cost savings.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
  • Construct: Partner Pressure
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      How important was the following to your organization's decision to begin using the m-business: Customers demand it.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      How important was the following to your organization's decision to begin using the m-business: To improve coordination between suppliers and customers.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      How important was the following to your organization's decision to begin using the m-business: Suppliers require it.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: Perceived Benefits
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Please rate the importance of achieving each of the following benefits of using e-Government services in terms of your organization’s decision whether or not to adopt e-Government services: (a) Paper reduction; (b) Equivalent success with other organizations in the industry; (c) Reduced communication cost; (d) Improved accuracy; (e) Enhanced ability to compete; (f) Availability of forms online; (g) Filing applications online; (h) Tendering/bidding projects/jobs online; (i) Submit CPF contribution details; (j) Check validity status of various passes/permits online; (k) Availability of answers to queries online; (l) Faster approval of applications online; (m) Reduced errors in filling application forms.Scale 1 to 7, Not at all Important to Extremely Importante-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
  • Construct: Relative Advantage
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      The degree to which your company expected e-business to help increase sales.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      The degree to which your company expected e-business to help reduce costs.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Using the web would enhance my efficiency in gathering information from the VA TAX.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      Using the web would enhance my efficiency in interacting with the VA TAX.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      Using the web would not make it easier to gather information from the VA TAX.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      Using the web would make it easier to interact with the VA TAX.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      Using the web would give me greater control over my interaction with the VA TAX.Not Specifiede-Government(Carter & Belanger, 2005)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that using it (as compared to the system it supersedes) would improve the integration of business processes.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that using it (as compared to the system it supersedes) would improve operations efficiency.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that using it (as compared to the system it supersedes) would reduce operations costs.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that using it (as compared to the system it supersedes) would standardize business processes.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that using it (as compared to the system it supersedes) would accelerate adoption of international best business practices.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that using it (as compared to the system it supersedes) would improve customer services.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that using it (as compared to the system it supersedes) would improve management controls.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because we believed that using it (as compared to the system it supersedes) would improve competitive competencies.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Using IM improves my performance when communicating with my friends.Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to AgreeInstant messaging (IM) systems(Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
      Using IM increases my productivity when communicating with my friends.Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to AgreeInstant messaging (IM) systems(Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
      Using IM enhances my effectiveness when communicating with my friends.Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to AgreeInstant messaging (IM) systems(Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
      Using IM enables me to accomplish tasks more quickly.Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to AgreeInstant messaging (IM) systems(Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
      Overall, using IM improves communication with my friends.Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to AgreeInstant messaging (IM) systems(Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
      Overall, I find using IM to be advantageous when communicating with my friends.Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to AgreeInstant messaging (IM) systems(Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
      If I were to adopt Windows, it would enable me to accomplish my tasks more quickly.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      If I were to adopt Windows, the quality of my work would improve.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      If I were to adopt Windows, it would enhance my effectiveness on the job.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      If I were to adopt Windows, it would make my job easier.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      Please rate the degree to which your organization expected m-business to help increase sales.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please rate the degree to which your organization expected m-business to help reduce costs.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      My company expects m-business to reduce paperwork.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      My company expects m-business to help quick data capture and analysis.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Does the adoption of mobile technology affect the value of the brand and partnership?Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: Replacement Versus Disenchantment Discontinuance
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Please CHECK the one scenario that best identifies the MAIN REASON that you ended your subscription: I decided to discontinue this service and to subscribe to another service that was superior, even though I was not particularly dissatisfied with this service; I was dissatisfied with this service and have not yet subscribed to another; was dissatisfied with the service, began to look for others, and found the one I now subscribe to.SelectionOnline Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
  • Construct: Result Demonstrability
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I have difficulty explaining why adopting broadband Internet may be beneficial.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I could communicate to others the pros and cons of adopting broadband Internet.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I have no difficulty telling others about the results of adopting broadband Internet.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I have difficulty telling whether it is good or bad to adopt broadband Internet.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      I have difficulty explaining why adopting Windows may or may not be beneficial.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      I could communicate to others the pros and cons of adopting Windows.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      I have no difficulty telling others about the results of adopting Windows.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
  • Construct: Security Concern
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      The degree to which your company is concerned about the security of data and transactions over the Internet.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      The degree to which your customers are concerned about the security of data and privacy over the Internet.Likert 1-5e-Business(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct: Sensitivity to Cost Factors
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Information technology can be used for a number of objectives. To what extent is information technology important for the fulfillment of the following objectives in your organization? (a) Personnel reduction; (b) Operational costs reduction; (c)Productivity improvements.Scale 1 to 7, Not at all Important to Extremely Importante-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
  • Construct: Social Influences
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      In the Internet-savvy age, firms that adopt e-Government services are perceived to be more attractive to prospective investors.Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Agreee-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
      Society’s perception towards my organization will influence the adoption of e-Government services in my organization.Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Agreee-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
      In my industry, the adoption of e-Government services is helpful in allowing an organization to remain competitive.Scale 1 to 7, Strongly Disagree to Agreee-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
  • Construct: Sources of Influence (External Versus Interpersonal)
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      How much did each of the following source influence you to subscribe to [this] service? Please make sure that the total equals 100%: Articles, reviews, advertising, or other activities of the company: [External influence]; Opinions of friends, colleagues, relatives, or others: [Interpersonal influence]; My own personal experience and general computer knowledge: [Other influence].PercentageOnline Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
  • Construct: Strategic Importance of IT
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Information technology can be used for a number of objectives. To what extent is information technology important for the fulfillment of the following objectives in your organization? (d) Improved access to information; (e) Improved quality of decision making; (f) Improved competitiveness; (g) Improved service to customers.Scale 1 to 7, Not at all Important to Extremely Importante-Government(Tung & Rieck, 2005)
  • Construct: Technology Competence
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Approximately how many of the following mobile devices are currently in use in your organization? Mobile phones/SmartPhones/RFID (tags readers)/Laptop/TabletPC/Netbook/Kiosks/Vehicle-mounted mobile technologies Direct AnswerMobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Approximately how many IT professionals are located in your organization?Direct AnswerMobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please check the box describing technologies used in your organization (check as many as apply): have a public website/have a public website with transactional features/Internet/Extranet/Intranet/mobile Internet/have the necessary software for implementing mobile business apllications/WLAN/VoIP.SelectionMobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: Technology Integration
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Please rate the extent to which your mobile applications are electronically integrated with your internal databases and information systems.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
      Please rate the extent to which your company's databases and information systems are electronically integrated with those of your suppliers and business customers.Scale 1 to 5Mobile Business (m-business)(Picoto, Bélanger, & Palma-Dos-Reis, 2014)
  • Construct: Technology Readiness
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Total number of personal computers was sufficient for employee’s daily use.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Related technologies had been used.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      The percentage of the number of IT professional over the total number of employees.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
  • Construct: Top Management Belief
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      The senior management of our firm believes that ERP has the potential to provide significant business benefits to the firm.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      The senior management of our firm believes that ERP will create a significant competitive arena for firms.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      The senior management of our firm believes that it is NOT necessary to use ERP to conduct business activities. Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
  • Construct: Trait Imitation
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Our firm adopted ERP because other firms that have adopted ERP in my industry are very large.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because other firms that have adopted ERP in my industry are leading companies.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because other firms that have adopted ERP in my industry are very successful.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
      Our firm adopted ERP because other firms that have adopted ERP in my industry are favorably perceived by others in the same industry.Likert 1-5Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)(Lai, Lai, & Lowry, 2016)
  • Construct: Trialability
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I would be able to use it on a trial basis.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I would be able to try it out properly.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I would be permitted to use it long enough to see what it can do.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I would be able to try its various uses.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I know a place where I would be able to try it out.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Before deciding on whether or not to adopt Windows, I would be able to use it on a trial basis.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      Before deciding on whether or not to adopt Windows, I would be able to properly try it out.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
      I would be permitted to use Windows on a trial basis long enough to see what it can do.Scale 1 to 7Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package(Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
  • Construct: Usefulness
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      At the time I subscribed, I felt this online service would save me time/effort over other means of performing the same tasks.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed, I felt this online service would enable me to perform many tasks better than through other means.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed, I felt this online service would provide a greater value than other ways of performing the same task.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      At the time I subscribed, I felt this online service would be better than other ways of performing the same activities.Likert 1-7Online Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
  • Construct: Utilization
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Typically, how often did you use this service? [Frequency of use] Less than once a month/Once a month/Once a week/2–3 times a week/Most days.SelectionOnline Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
      Typically, how much time did you spend online each time you logged on? [Duration of use] Less than 15 minutes/15–20 minutes/30–60 minutes/1–2 hours/ Over 2 hours;SelectionOnline Services(Parthasarathy & Bhattacherjee, 1998)
  • Construct: Visibility
      IndicatorScaleContextReference(s)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I see using broadband Internet on many computers around.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I have seen many people using broadband Internet around.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I do not see many people using broadband Internet around.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)
      Before deciding on whether or not to use broadband Internet I have seen using broadband Internet around.Not SpecifiedBroadband Internet(Oh, Ahn, & Kim, 2003)