Context

Context details. (MORE INFO)

Context: e-Business

Note: This list contains all the constructs (and corresponding measuring variables) as defined by the authors when proposing/using/applying the theories/models in the selected context. It also includes the scales used to measure the variables.

  • Construct (Theory/Model): Compatibility (IDT)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Selling over the Internet is compatible with your company’s current selling process.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Buying over the Internet is compatible with your company’s current procurement process.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Conducting transactions over the Internet is compatible with existing distribution channels.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Doing e-business is compatible with your company’s corporate culture and value system.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Relative Advantage (IDT)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      The degree to which your company expected e-business to help increase sales.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      The degree to which your company expected e-business to help reduce costs.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Costs (IDT)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Costs of implementing Internet-based online sales (including hardware, software, training, organizational restructuring, business process reengineering).Direct Answer(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Costs of implementing Internet-based online procurement (including hardware, software, training, organizational restructuring, business process reengineering).Direct Answer(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): E-Business Usage (IDT)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Percentage of sales to businesses conducted online.Percentage(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Percentage of sales to consumers conducted online.Percentage(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Percentage of customer services conducted online.Percentage(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Percentage of procurement conducted online.Percentage(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Impact on Downstream Sales (IDT)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Sales increased.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Sales area widened.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Customer service improved.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Impact on Internal Operations (IDT)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Internal processes more efficient.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Employee productivity increased.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Operational costs decreased.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Impact on Upstream Coordination (IDT)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Coordination with suppliers improved.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Procurement costs decreased.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Inventory costs decreased.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Security Concern (IDT)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      The degree to which your company is concerned about the security of data and transactions over the Internet.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      The degree to which your customers are concerned about the security of data and privacy over the Internet.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Competitive Pressure (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Percentage of competitors in your industry that have conducted Internet-based selling.Percentage(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Percentage of competitors in your industry that have conducted Internet-based procurement and coordination.Percentage(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Percentage of competitors in your industry that have conducted Internet-based services.Percentage(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Consumer Willingness (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      % of the population using online shopping in each country.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of the population using online banking in each country.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of the population willing to use credit card payment for online shopping in each country.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of the population willing to use e-cash payment for online shopping in each country.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      Average annual online spending per capita in each country.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): E-business Know-How (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Do the executives in this establishment have sufficient know-how for implementing online procurement?Direct Answer(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      Do the executives in this establishment have sufficient know-how for implementing online selling?Direct Answer(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): E-business Value (Impact on Commerce) (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Sales increased.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Sales area widened.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Customer service improved.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      International sales increased.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): E-business Value (Impact on Coordination) (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Transaction costs with business partners decreased.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Coordination with business partners or suppliers improved.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Environment Context (Competition Intensity) (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Degree affected by competitors in the local market.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Degree affected by competitors nationwide.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Degree affected by competitors worldwide.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Environment Context (Competitive Pressure) (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      % of domestic establishments adopting Web marketing or online selling in each industry and each country.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of domestic establishments adopting online procurement in each industry and each country.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of European establishments adopting Web marketing or online selling in each industry.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of European establishments adopting online procurement in each industry.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Environment Context (Regulatory Environment) (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Government provided incentive.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Required for government purchase.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Business laws support electronic business.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Legal protection for consumer purchase on the Internet.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Internet Penetration (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      % of the population using the Internet in each country.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of the population using email in each country.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of households with PCs in each country.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of households with Internet access in each country.Percentage(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Internet Skills (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      % of employees who can send emails to internal addresses.Scale 1 to 3, Majority to No one(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of employees who can send emails to external addresses.Scale 1 to 3, Majority to No one(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of employees who can browse Internet sites.Scale 1 to 3, Majority to No one(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of employees who can browse Intranet sites.Scale 1 to 3, Majority to No one(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      % of employees who can communicate via video-conferencing.Scale 1 to 3, Majority to No one(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): IT Infrastructure (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      If the establishment uses EDI.Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      If the establishment has access to the Internet.Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      If the establishment has an Intranet.Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      If the establishment uses e-mail.Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      If the establishment uses groupware tools.Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
      If the establishment has video-conferencing.Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Xu, 2003)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Organization Context (Global Scope) (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Multi-establishment.Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Establishment outside of country.Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Headquarters located outside of country.Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Percent of sales from outside country.Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Percent of purchase from outside country.Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Partner Readiness (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      The extent to which downstream customers have e-business systems ready to support Internet-based selling.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      The extent to which upstream partners have e-business systems ready to support Internet-based procurement.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      The extent to which e-business systems owned by trading partners are interoperable with yours.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Technology Competence (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      IT infrastructure: the strength of existing IT infrastructure, as measured by related technologies that your company has in place, including electronic data interchange (EDI), intranet, extranet, local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN).Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Internet skills: The extent to which the majority of your employees are capable of using the following applications: Web browser, intranet, online order processing.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
      Skill development – Has your company done the following to help employees develop e-business skills (a) in-house training? (b) participating in IT training such as courses and seminars by third parties? (c) legitimizing certain work time for IT learning/training? (d) establishing self-learning or e-learning programs? (e) recruiting staff with special IT skills?Selection(Zhu, Dong, Xu, & Kraemer, 2006)
  • Construct (Theory/Model): Technology Context (Technology Readiness) (TOE)
      IndicatorScaleReference(s)
      Technologies in use, measured by the number of items the establishment has in the following list: Use of e-mail; Web site accessible by public; Use of intranet; Use of extranet; Use of electronic data interchange (EDI); Use of electronic fund transfer; Use of call center;Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Front-end functionality, measured by the number of items the establishment has in the following list: Web site supports online services (filing applications, claims); Web site supports online transactions (payment, transfer); Web site supports account management; Web site provides online tools such as research, planning.Yes or No(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Extent Web applications electronically integrated with back-office systems.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)
      Extent company databeses electronically integrated with suppliers and partners.Likert 1-5(Zhu, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2004)