Theory/Model: UTAUT
- Description
- Diagram
- Constructs
- Contexts
- Indicators by construct
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology
The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), proposed by Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis (2003), was formulated through a combination of eight models of information technology acceptance research, including Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1986; Davis et al., 1989), Motivational Model (MM) (Davis et al., 1992; Vallerand, 1997) , Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1985, 1991), a model combining the Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behavior (Taylor & Todd, 1995a), Model of PC Utilization (MPCU) (Thompson et al., 1991), Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT) (Moore & Benbasat, 1991) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) (Bandura, 1986; Compeau & Higgins, 1995b).
According to Venkatesh et al. (2003) Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, and Social Influence were formulated to influence Behavioral Intention in the use of a technology, while Behavioral Intention and Facilitating Conditions determine Use Behavior. Individual difference variables such as Age, Gender, Experience and Voluntariness of Use were also formulated to moderate the various relationships in UTAUT.
References: (Ajzen, 1985, 1991; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Bandura, 1986; Compeau & Higgins, 1995b; Davis, 1986; Davis et al., 1992; Davis et al., 1989; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Moore & Benbasat, 1991; Taylor & Todd, 1995a; Thompson et al., 1991; Vallerand, 1997; Venkatesh et al., 2003)
Note: This diagram only contains the constructs proposed in the original theory/model.
Note: This list contains not only the constructs proposed in the original theory/model but also the constructs proposed by the authors that applied the theory/model in a particular context.
Note: This list contains the contexts were the theory/model was used/applied.
| CV Database |
| Collaboration Tool |
| Internet |
| Mobile Internet |
| Not Specified |
| Web Portal |
| Web-based course management system (M-web) |
| Web-based decision support and transactional system |
| e-Government (SmartID) |
Note 1: This list contains not only the constructs proposed in the original theory/model but also the constructs proposed by the authors that applied the theory/model in a particular context.
Note 2: Are only presented the constructs that are described in the literature in terms of indicators.
Note 2: Are only presented the constructs that are described in the literature in terms of indicators.
- Construct: Actual Frequency of Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Actual grade look-up. Direct Answer Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) Actual email archive use. Direct Answer Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) Actual course website access. Direct Answer Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015)
- Construct: Agreeableness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I have a good word for everyone. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I get back at others. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I make people feel at ease. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I have a sharp tongue. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I cut others to pieces. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I insult people. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015)
- Construct: Anxiety
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I feel apprehensive about using the system. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) It scares me to think that I could lose a lot of information using the system by hitting the wrong key. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) I hesitate to use the system for fear of making mistakes I cannot correct. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) The system is somewhat intimidating to me. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003)
- Construct: Applications for Fun
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The Internet provides many applications that are enjoyable. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I enjoy the Internet. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) My Internet has applications that are fun. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I am able to have fun in the Internet. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014)
- Construct: Applications for Personal Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I find that the Internet has tools for personal productivity. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I find that the Internet has tools to support household activities. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) The Internet has software that helps with activities in the house. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014)
- Construct: Assistance
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I expect to get the help I need in using SmartID to access government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) It would be easy for me to get assistance when I am having trouble using SmartID to access government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) I expect clear instructions for using SmartID to access government services to be available to me. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011)
- Construct: Attitude toward using technology
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using the system is a bad/good idea. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) The system makes work more interesting. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) Working with the system is fun. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) I like working with the system. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003)
- Construct: Avoidance of Personal Interaction
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using SmartID would enable me to access government services without having to interact with anyone. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) Using SmartID, I would not have to interact with civil servants to access government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) Using SmartID, I would be able to access government services solely by myself. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011)
- Construct: Awareness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Hong Kong is actively embracing e-government using SmartID-supported government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) The Hong Kong Government is providing SmartID-supported government services to better our lives. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) I am aware that SmartID-supported government services are provided by the Hong Kong Government. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011)
- Construct: Behavioral Expectation
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I expect to use the system in the next -n- months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) I will use the system in the next -n- months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) I am likely to use the system in the next -n- months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017)
- Construct: Behavioral Intention
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I intend to use the -collaboration tool- in the next 6 months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I predict I would use the system in the next 6 months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I plan to use the system in the next 6 months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I predict that I will use CV databases in the future. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) I plan to use CV databases in the future. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) I intend to use CV databases in the future. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) I intend to use the Internet in the next 2 months. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) I predict I would use the Internet in the 2 months. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) I plan to use the Internet in the next 2 months. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) I intend to use the system in the next 3 months. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I predict I would use the system in the next 3 months. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I plan to use the system in the next 3 months. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I intend to continue using mobile Internet in the future. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) I will always try to use mobile Internet in my daily life. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) I plan to continue to use mobile Internet frequently. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) I intend to use the system in the next -n- months. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) I predict I would use the system in the next -n- months. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) I plan to use the system in the next -n- months. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) I like to spend time mastering [the system]. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) Using [the system] is personally meaningful to me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) I really feel [the system] is my system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) I plan to use m-web very often during the rest of the semester. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I intend to use m-web frequently during the rest of the semester. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I plan to use m-web much during the rest of the semester. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I intend to use the system in the next -n- months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) I predict I would use the system in the next -n- months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) I plan to use the system in the next -n- months. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017)
- Construct: Comfort with Change
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I feel comfortable with the changes resulting from the upgrades of The System. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) The continuous pace of upgrades of The System does not bother me. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011)
- Construct: Compatibility
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using SmartID to access government services would be compatible with all aspects of my life. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) I think that using SmartID to access government services would fit well with the way I like to live. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) Using SmartID to access government services would fit into my life style. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011)
- Construct: Computer Self-Efficacy
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I could complete a task using a computer if there was no one around to tell me what to do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I could complete a task using a computer even if there was not a lot of time to complete it. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I could complete a task using a computer if I had just the built-in help facility for assistance. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010)
- Construct: Concurrency
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I can easily use -collaboration tool- while participating in other activities. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I can easily communicate using -collaboration tool- while I am doing other things. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I can use -collaboration tool- while performing another task. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010)
- Construct: Confirmation
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) My overall experience with using the upgrades of The System was better than what I expected. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) The service level provided by the upgrades of The System was better than what I expected. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011)
- Construct: Conscientiousness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I am always prepared. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I waste my time. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I find it difficult to get down to work. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I get chores down right away. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I carry out my plans. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I shirk on my duties. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015)
- Construct: Consistency with User Knowledge
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) In the upgrades, the use of buttons, radio buttons, and combo boxes is consistent with my understanding. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) In the upgrades, the data display is consistent with my usage conventions. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011)
- Construct: Convenience
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) SmartID would enable me to access government services anytime, day or night. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) SmartID would enable me to access government services from home, from the office, on the road, or at other locales. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) It would be convenient for me to access government services using SmartID. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011)
- Construct: Cost
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Nowadays, the Internet is too expensive. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I think using the Internet is expensive. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) It is not cheap to use the Internet. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014)
- Construct: Declining Cost
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The costs of Internet usage are constantly declining. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I believe the cost of Internet usage will continue to decline in the future. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I think the Internet will offer more for lower prices in the near future. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014)
- Construct: Effort Expectancy
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using -collaboration tool- will not require a lot of mental effort. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I believe -collaboration tool- will be easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) Using -collaboration tool- will be easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) Learning to operate CV databases would be easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) I would find CV databases easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) My interaction with CV databases would be clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) It would be easy for me to become skilful at using CV databases. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) I believe that it is easy to get CV databases to do what I want them to do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) I would find it easy to use SmartID to access government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) Learning to use SmartID to access government services would be easy for me. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) It would be easy for me to become skillful at using SmartID to access government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) My interaction with the Internet enables me to accomplish tasks more quickly. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) It would be easy for me to become skillful at using the Internet. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I find the Internet easy to use. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) Learning to use the Internet is easy for me. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) My interaction with the Internet would be clear and understandable. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I would find the Internet easy to use. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) Learning to operate the Internet is easy for me. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) Learning how to use mobile Internet is easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) My interaction with mobile Internet is clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) I find mobile Internet easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) It is easy for me to become skillful at using mobile Internet. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) My interaction with the system would be clear and understandable. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) It would be easy for me to become skillful at using the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) I would find the system easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) Learning to operate the system is easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) It is easy to get m-web to do what I want to do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) M-web is flexible to work with. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) M-web is easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) My interaction with the system would be clear and understandable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) It would be easy for me to become skillful at using the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) I would find the system easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) Learning to operate the system is easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017)
- Construct: Extraversion
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I would describe my experiences as somewhat dull. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I am skilled in handling social situations. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I know how to captivate people. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I have little to say. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I don’t talk a lot. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I am the life of the party. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015)
- Construct: Facilitating Conditions
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I have the resources necessary to use -collaboration tool-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I have the knowledge necessary to use -collaboration tool-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) A specific person (or group) is available for assistance with difficulties with -collaboration tool-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I have the resources necessary to use CV databases. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) I have the knowledge necessary to use CV databases. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) I expect to have the resources necessary to use SmartID to access government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) I expect to have the knowledge necessary to use SmartID to access government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) I expect that a specific person (or group) would be available for assistance with difficulties using SmartID to access government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) I have the knowledge necessary to use the Internet. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) A specific person (or group) is available for assistance with Internet difficulties. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) I have the resources necessary to use the Internet. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) The Internet is not compatible with other systems I use. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) I have the resources necessary to use the system. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) I have the knowledge necessary to use the system. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) The system is not compatible with other systems I use. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) A specific person (or group) is available for assistance with system difficulties. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) Due to lack of technical support, I have found [the system] difficult to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) The current hardware in this organization does not support [the system]. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) There are several organizational barriers preventing me from using [the system] effectively. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) I have the technical resources necessary to use the upgrades of The System. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) I have the knowledge necessary to use the upgrades of The System. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) I have the knowledge necessary to use m-web. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) The m-web system is not compatible with other systems I have used. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) A specific person is available for assistance with m-web system difficulties. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I have the resources necessary to use the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) I have the knowledge necessary to use the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) The system is not compatible with other systems I use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) A specific person (or group) is available for assistance with system difficulties. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017)
- Construct: Facilitating Conditions (Resources)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) There isn’t sufficient access to use -collaboration technology-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) Using -collaboration tool- is very resource intensive for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I am not able to use -collaboration tool- when I need it. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010)
- Construct: Facilitating Conditions (Technology)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) -Collaboration tool- is not compatible with other tools and technologies that I use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) -Collaboration tool- is not compatible with other software that I use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I have trouble using -collaboration tool- seamlessly with other applications. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010)
- Construct: Familiarity with Communication Partners
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I feel comfortable discussing personal or private issues with co-workers with whom I collaborate. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) I feel comfortable using informal communication (such as slang or abbreviations) with co-workers with whom I collaborate. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) Overall, I feel that I know my collaborators well. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010)
- Construct: Fear of Technological Advances
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The trends in technological advancement are worrisome to me. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I fear that today’s fastest Internet connection will be obsolete fairly soon. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I am worried about the rapid advances in information technology. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014)
- Construct: Flexibility
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I expect that SmartID could be adapted to meet a variety of needs. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) I expect SmartID to be able to flexibly adjust to new demands or conditions. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) I expect SmartID to be versatile in addressing needs as they arise. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011)
- Construct: Friends and Family Influences
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) My friends think I should use the Internet at home. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) Those in my social circle think I should use the Internet at home. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) My family members think I should use the Internet at home. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) My relatives think I should use the Internet at home. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014)
- Construct: Habit
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The use of mobile Internet has become a habit for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) I am addicted to using mobile Internet. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) I must use mobile Internet. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Using mobile Internet has become natural to me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Using The System has become a habit to me. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) Using The System has become automatic to me. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011)
- Construct: Hedonic Motivation
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using mobile Internet is fun. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Using mobile Internet is enjoyable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Using mobile Internet is very entertaining. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012)
- Construct: Immediacy
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) -Collaboration tool- enables me to quickly reach communication partners. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) When I communicate with someone using -collaboration tool-, they usually respond quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) When someone communicates with me using -collaboration tool-, I try to respond immediately. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010)
- Construct: Intention to Continue Using
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I intend to continue using The System rather than discontinue its use. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) My intention is to continue using The System rather than using any alternative means. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011)
- Construct: Intention to Use Future Features
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I predict that I will use the new features when they become available. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) I intend to use the new features when they become available. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011)
- Construct: Neuroticism
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I am not easily bothered with things. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I am often down in the dumps. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I panic easily. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I rarely get irritated. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I seldom feel blue. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I feel comfortable with myself. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I have frequent mood swings. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015)
- Construct: Openness to experience
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I believe in the importance of art. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I enjoy hearing new ideas. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I am not interested in abstract ideas. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I do not like art. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I do not enjoy going to art museums. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015)
- Construct: Peer Influence
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) My friends think I should use -collaboration tool-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) My peers think I should use -collaboration tool-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) My co-workers believe I should use -collaboration tool-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010)
- Construct: Perceived Ease of Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) My interaction with the Internet would be clear and understandable. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I would find the Internet easy to use. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) Using the Internet does not require a lot of mental effort. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I find it easy to do what I want in the Internet. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) Learning to use the upgrades of The System is easy for me. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) My interaction with the upgrades of The System is clear and understandable. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) I find the upgrades of The System easy to use. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011)
- Construct: Perceived Frequency of Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) In a typical week, how many times have you looked up grades? Direct Answer Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) In a typical week, how many times have you accessed the email archive? Direct Answer Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) In a typical week how many times have you accessed the course website? Direct Answer Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015)
- Construct: Perceived Usefulness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using the upgrades of The System enables me to accomplish tasks more quickly. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) Using the upgrades of The System increases my productivity. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) Overall, the upgrades of The System are useful in my job. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011)
- Construct: Performance Expectancy
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I believe -collaboration tool- will be useful for communication. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) Using -collaboration tool- will enable me to accomplish work tasks more quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) Using the collaboration tool will increase my productivity. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) How satisfied are you with the quality of data available about applicants when using CV databases. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) Operation departments are satisfied with applicants identified using CV databases. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) How satisfied are you with the quality of data available about applicants when using CV databases. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) How satisfied are you with the quantity of data available about applicants when using CV databases. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) Using SmartID would enable me to access government services more quickly. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) Using SmartID would make it easier to access government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) Using SmartID would enhance my effectiveness in accessing government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) I find the Internet useful in my job. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) Using the Internet enables me to accomplish tasks quickly. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) Using the Internet increases my productivity. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) If I use the Internet I increase my chances of getting a salary increase or promotion. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) I find the Internet useful. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) If I use the Internet, I will increase my chances of getting a raise. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I find mobile Internet useful in my daily life. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Using mobile Internet increases my chances of achieving things that are important to me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Using mobile Internet helps me accomplish things more quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Using mobile Internet increases my productivity. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) I would find the system useful in my job. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) Using the system enables me to accomplish tasks more quickly. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) Using the system increases my productivity. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) If I use the system, I will increase my chances of getting a raise. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) [The system] will improve my job performance. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) [The system] will make it easier for me to do my job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) [The system] will increase my productivity. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) Using m-web improves my performance in this course. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) Using m-web increases my productivity in this course. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) Using m-web increases my effectiveness in this course. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) I would find the system useful in my job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) Using the system enables me to accomplish tasks more quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) Using the system increases my productivity. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) If I use the system, I will increase my chances of getting a raise. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017)
- Construct: Personal Innovativeness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) If I heard about a new information technology, I would look for ways to experiment with it. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) Among my peers, I am usually the first to try out new information technologies. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) I like to experiment with new information technologies. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011)
- Construct: Price Value
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Mobile Internet is reasonably priced. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Mobile Internet is a good value for the money. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) At the current price, mobile Internet provides a good value. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012)
- Construct: Satisfaction
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) All things considered, my continuing to use SmartID for government services is: Scale 1 to 7, Extremely Negative to Extremely Positive e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) All things considered, my continuing to use SmartID for government services is: Scale 1 to 7, Extremely Bad to Extremely Good e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) All things considered, my continuing to use SmartID for government services is: Scale 1 to 7, Extremely Harmful to Extremely Beneficial e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) What is your overall satisfaction with the upgrades of The System? Scale 1 to 7, Very Dissatisfied to Very Satisfied Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) What is your overall satisfaction with the upgrades of The System? Scale 1 to 7, Very Unpleasant to Very Pleasant Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) What is your overall satisfaction with the upgrades of The System? Scale 1 to 7, Very Frustrated ... Very Contented Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011)
- Construct: Secondary Sources' Influences
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Information from newspapers suggests that I should use the Internet at home. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) Information that I gather by watching TV encourages me to use the Internet at home. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) Based on what I have heard on the radio, I am encouraged to use the Internet at home. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014)
- Construct: Self-Efficacy
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I could use SmartID to access government services if I could call someone for help if I got stuck. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) I could use SmartID to access government services if I had just the self-help information for assistance. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) I could use SmartID to access government services if someone showed me how to do it first. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) I feel comfortable using the Internet on my own. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) If I wanted to, I could easily operate the Internet on my own. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I can use the Internet even if no one is around to help me. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I could complete a job or task using the system if there was no one around to tell me what to do as I go. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) I could complete a job or task using the system if I could call someone for help if I got stuck. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) I could complete a job or task using the system if I had a lot of time to complete the job for which the software was provided. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) I could complete a job or task using the system if I had just the built-in help facility for assistance. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003)
- Construct: Social Influence
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) People who influence my behavior think that I should use -collaboration tool-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) People who are important to me think that I should use -collaboration tool-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) The senior management of this business thinks I should use -collaboration tool-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) My peers in the HR department|the operations department|the IT department|Applicants (customers)|My superiors think that I should use CV databases. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) My peers in the HR department|the operation department|the IT department|Applicants (customers)|My superiors recommend using CV databases. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) My peers in the HR department|the operation department|the IT department|Applicants (customers)|My superiors use CV databases frequently. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree CV Database (Eckhardt, Laumer, & Weitzel, 2009) People who influence my behavior would think that I should use SmartID to access government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) People who are important to me would think that I should use SmartID to access government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) People who are in my social circle would think that I should use SmartID to access government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) People who are important to me think that I should use the Internet. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) People who influence my behavior think that I should use the Internet. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) The senior management and staff of my organization have been helpful in the use of the Internet. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) In general, my organization has supported use of the Internet. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Gupta, Dasgupta, & Gupta, 2008) I use the Internet because of the proportion of peers who use the Internet. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) In general, my peers have supported the use of the Internet. Scale 1 to 7 Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) People who are important to me think that I should use mobile Internet. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) People who influence my behavior think that I should use mobile Internet. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) People whose opinions that I value prefer that I use mobile Internet. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) People who influence my behavior think that I should use the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) People who are important to me think that I should use the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) The senior management of this business has been helpful in the use of the system. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) In general, the organization has supported the use of the system. Scale 1 to 7 Not Specified (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) My friends in this organization think I should use [the system]. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) My colleagues in this organization think I should use [the system]. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) My management promote the use of the upgrades of The System. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) My co-workers think that I should use the upgrades of The System. Likert 1-7 Web Portal (Hong, Thong, Chasalow, & Dhillon, 2011) People who influence my behavior think I should use m-web. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) People who are important to me think that I should use m-web. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based course management system (M-web) (Barnett, Pearson, Pearson, & Kellermanns, 2015) People who influence my behavior think that I should use the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) People who are important to me think that I should use the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017) The senior management of this business has been helpful in the use of the system. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Web-based decision support and transactional system (Maruping, Bala, Venkatesh, & Brown, 2017)
- Construct: Social Presence
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using -collaboration tool- to interact with others creates a warm environment for communication. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) Using -collaboration tool- to interact with others creates a sociable environment for communication. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) Using -collaboration tool- to interact with others creates a personal environment for communication. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010)
- Construct: Status Gains
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) People who use the Internet at home have more prestige than those who do not. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) People who use the Internet at home have a high profile. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) Using the Internet is a status symbol. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014)
- Construct: Superior Influence
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I believe the top management would like me to use -collaboration tool-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) My supervisor suggests that I use -collaboration tool-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) There is pressure from the organization to use -collaboration tool-. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010)
- Construct: Technology Experience
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) My experience with audioconferencing is: Scale 1 to 7, None at all to Very Extensive Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) My experience with videoconferencing is: Scale 1 to 7, None at all to Very Extensive Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) My experience with messaging tools (e.g., MSN messenger) is: Scale 1 to 7, None at all to Very Extensive Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) My experience with technologies similar to -collaboration tool- is: Scale 1 to 7, None at all to Very Extensive Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010)
- Construct: Trust
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) SmartID would provide government services in my best interest. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) SmartID would provide access to sincere and genuine government services. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011) SmartID would perform its role of providing government services very well. Scale 1 to 7 e-Government (SmartID) (Chan et al., 2011)
- Construct: Use Behavior
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I rate my intensity of use of -collaboration tool- to be: Scale 1 to 7, Very Light to Very Heavy Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) How frequently do you use -collaboration tool-: Scale 1 to 7, Never to Very Frequently Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) On an average week, how much time (in hours) do you use -collaboration tool-? Direct Answer Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) Of the opportunities you have to use collaboration tools, including a telephone, what percentage of time do you choose -collaboration tool-? Percentage Collaboration Tool (Brown, Dennis, & Venkatesh, 2010) Please choose your usage frequency for: SMS. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Please choose your usage frequency for: MMS. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Please choose your usage frequency for: Ringtone and logo download. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Please choose your usage frequency for: Java games. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Please choose your usage frequency for: Browse websites. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) Please choose your usage frequency for:Mobile e-mail. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Mobile Internet (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012) When I can avoid using [the system], I do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) When given the choice between using or not using [the system] for a task, I usually choose not to use it. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007) When I can do a task using [the system], I will sometimes choose to use other ways to complete the task. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Not Specified (Neufeld, Dong, & Higgins, 2007)
- Construct: Utility for Children
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The Internet provides applications that my kid(s) can use. Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) The Internet has useful software for my child (or children). Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014) I find the Internet to be a useful tool for my child (or children). Not Specified Internet (Niehaves & Plattfaut, 2014)