Theory/Model: TRA
- Description
- Diagram
- Constructs
- Contexts
- Indicators by construct
Theory of Reasoned Action
The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) comes from the social psychology area and was proposed by Fishbein & Ajzen (1975). TRA is one of the most fundamental and influential theories of human behavior (Venkatesh et al., 2003), where the objective is to investigate the relationship between attitude and behavior based on two main concepts, “principles of compatibility” and “behavioral intention” (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Mishra, Akman, & Mishra, 2014).
According to Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975), an individual's performance in a particular behavior is determined by his Behavioral Intention to perform the behavior, and Behavioral Intention is determined jointly by the person's Attitude towards behavior and Subjective Norm on the behavior in question.
References: (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Mishra, Akman, & Mishra, 2014; Venkatesh et al., 2003)
Note: This diagram only contains the constructs proposed in the original theory/model.
Note: This list contains not only the constructs proposed in the original theory/model but also the constructs proposed by the authors that applied the theory/model in a particular context.
Note: This list contains the contexts were the theory/model was used/applied.
| Content Management System |
| Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software |
| Instant messaging (IM) systems |
| Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package |
| Not Specified |
| Recommendation Agents (RAs) |
Note 1: This list contains not only the constructs proposed in the original theory/model but also the constructs proposed by the authors that applied the theory/model in a particular context.
Note 2: Are only presented the constructs that are described in the literature in terms of indicators.
Note 2: Are only presented the constructs that are described in the literature in terms of indicators.
- Construct: Accessibility
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) _____ allows information to be readily accessible to me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ makes information very accessible. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ makes information easy to access. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: Accuracy
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) _____ produces correct information. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) There are few errors in the information I obtain from _____. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) The information provided by _____ is accurate. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: Attitude Towards the Behavior
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using _____ is (not enjoyable/ very enjoyable). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) Overall, using _____ is a (unpleasant/pleasant) experience. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) My attitude toward using _____ is (very unfavorable/very favorable). Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) Using IM is a good idea. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) Using IM would be unpleasant. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) I like the idea of using IM. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) All things considered, adopting Windows in my job within the next six months would be extremely negative ... extremely positive. Scale -3 to +3 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) All things considered, adopting Windows in my job within the next six months would be extremely good ... extremely bad. Scale -3 to +3 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) All things considered, adopting Windows in my job within the next six months would be extremely harmful ... extremely beneficial. Scale -3 to +3 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
- Construct: Behavior
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified
- Construct: Behavioral Intention
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I intend to use the system in the next -n- months. Likert 1-7 Content Management System (Sykes, Venkatesh, & Gosain, 2009) I predict I would use the system in the next -n- months. Likert 1-7 Content Management System (Sykes, Venkatesh, & Gosain, 2009) I plan to use the system in the next -n- months. Likert 1-7 Content Management System (Sykes, Venkatesh, & Gosain, 2009) I intend to use _____ as a routine part of my job over the next year. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) I intend to use _____ at every opportunity over the next year. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) I plan to increase my use of _____ over the next year. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) I would use IM to communicate with others. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) Using IM is something I would do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) I could see myself using IM. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) I intend to adopt Windows in my job within the next six months. Scale 1 to 7 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) During the next six months, I plan to experiment with or regularly use Windows in my work. Scale 1 to 7 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
- Construct: Cognitive Trust in Competence
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) This RA is a real expert in assessing products. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006) This RA has good knowledge about products. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006)
- Construct: Cognitive Trust in Integrity
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) This RA provides unbiased product recommendations. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006) This RA is honest. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006) I consider this RA to be of integrity. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006)
- Construct: Completeness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) _____ provides me with a complete set of information. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ produces comprehensive information. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ provides me with all the information I need. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: Currency
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) _____ provides me with the most recent information. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ produces the most current information. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) The information from _____ is always up to date. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: Ease of Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) _____ is easy to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) It is easy to get _____ to do what I want it to do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ is easy to operate. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) Learning to operate Windows would be easy for me. Scale 1 to 7 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) If I were to adopt Windows, it would be easy to use. Scale 1 to 7 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) If I were to adopt Windows, it would be difficult to use. Scale 1 to 7 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) I believe that it is easy to get IM to do what I want to do. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) Learning to operate IM is easy for me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) Overall I believe that IM is easy for me to use. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
- Construct: Emotional Trust
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I feel secure about relying on this RA for my decision. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006) I feel comfortable about relying on this RA for my decision. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006) I feel content about relying on this RA for my decision. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006)
- Construct: Facilitating Conditions
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The organization has provided the necessary resources for me to use the system. Likert 1-7 Content Management System (Sykes, Venkatesh, & Gosain, 2009) A specific help support person or group is available for assistance with system difficulties. Likert 1-7 Content Management System (Sykes, Venkatesh, & Gosain, 2009) Organizational technical and support infrastructure are available to help me in case of problems. Likert 1-7 Content Management System (Sykes, Venkatesh, & Gosain, 2009)
- Construct: Familiarity
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I am familiar with how this RA makes its recommendation. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006)
- Construct: Flexibility
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) _____ can be adapted to meet a variety of needs. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ can flexibly adjust to new demands or conditions. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ is versatile in addressing needs as they arise. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: Format
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The information provided by _____ is well formatted. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) The information provided by _____ is well laid out. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) The Information provided by _____ is clearly presented on the screen. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: Information Quality
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Overall, I would give the information from _____ high marks. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) Overall, I would give the information provided by _____ a high rating in terms of quality. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) In general, _____ provides me with high-quality information. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: Information Satisfaction
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Overall, the information I get from _____ is very satisfying. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) I am very satisfied with the information I receive from _____. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: Integration
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) _____ effectively integrates data from different areas of the company. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ pulls together information that used to come from different places in the company. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ effectively combines data from different areas of the company. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: Normative Beliefs
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Top management thinks I should adopt Windows. Scale -9 to +9 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) My close friends think I should adopt Windows. Scale -9 to +9 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) My immediate supervisor thinks I should adopt Windows. Scale -9 to +9 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) My peers think I should adopt Windows. Scale -9 to +9 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) The [name of the MiS department] thinks I should adopt Windows. Scale -9 to +9 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) Other computer technical specialists in the organization think i should adopt Windows. Scale -9 to +9 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
- Construct: Perceived Critical Mass
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Many people I communicate with use IM. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) The people I communicate with will continue to use IM in the future. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) The people I communicate with using IM will continue to use IM in the future. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) Of the people I communicate with regularly, many use IM. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
- Construct: Perceived Personalization
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) This RA understands my needs. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006) This RA knows what I want. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006) This RA takes my needs as its own preferences. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006)
- Construct: Prior Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) How frequently do you use IM? Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) If you were unable to continue using this technology, how much impact would it have on your life? Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
- Construct: Reliability
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) _____ operates reliably. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ performs reliably. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) The operation of ______ is dependable. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: Result Demonstrability
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I would have no difficulty telling others about the results of using IM. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) I believe I could communicate to others the consequences of using IM. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) The results of using IM are apparent to me. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
- Construct: Social Network
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Network density. Not Specified Content Management System (Sykes, Venkatesh, & Gosain, 2009) Valued network density. Not Specified Content Management System (Sykes, Venkatesh, & Gosain, 2009) Network centrality. Not Specified Content Management System (Sykes, Venkatesh, & Gosain, 2009) Valued network centrality. Not Specified Content Management System (Sykes, Venkatesh, & Gosain, 2009)
- Construct: Subjective Norm
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) My friends think I should use IM. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) People who influence me think that I should use IM. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) People who are important to me think that I should use IM. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) Most people who are important to me think I should adopt Windows. Scale -3 to +3 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)
- Construct: System Quality
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) In terms of system quality, I would rate _____ highly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) Overall, _____ is of high quality. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) Overall, I would give the quality of _____ a high rating. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: System Satisfaction
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) All things considered, l am very satisfied with _____. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) Overall, my interaction with _____ is very satisfying. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: The Intention to Adopt as a Decision Aid
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I am willing to use this RA as an aid to help with my decision about which product to buy. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006) I am willing to let this RA assist me in deciding which product to buy. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006) I am willing to use this RA as a tool that suggests to me a number of products from which I can choose. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006)
- Construct: The Intention to Adopt as a Delegated Agent
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I am willing to delegate to this RA for my decision about which product to buy. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006) I am willing to let this RA decide which product to buy on my behalf. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Recommendation Agents (RAs) (Komiak & Benbasat, 2006)
- Construct: Timeliness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) It takes too long for _____ to respond to my requests. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ provides information in a timely fashion. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ returns answers to my requests quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: Usefulness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using _____ improves my ability to make good decisions. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) _____ allows me to get my work done more quickly. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005) Using _____ enhances my effectiveness on the job. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Data Warehousing Predefined Reporting Software (Wixom & Todd, 2005)
- Construct: Visibility
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) In my organization, one sees Windows on many computers. Scale 1 to 7 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) In my organization, I have seen many people with Windows on their computers. Scale 1 to 7 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) I have seen many people using IM. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) It is easy for me to observe others using IM. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007) I have not seen many others using IM. Likert 1-7, Strongly Disagree to Agree Instant messaging (IM) systems (Van Slyke, Ilie, Lou, & Stafford, 2007)
- Construct: Voluntariness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) My boss does not require me to adopt Windows. Scale 1 to 7 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999) Although it might be helpful, adopting Windows is certainly not compulsory in my job. Scale 1 to 7 Microsoft's Windows 3.1 software package (Karahanna, Straub, & Chervany, 1999)