Theory/Model: SCT
- Description
- Diagram
- Constructs
- Contexts
- Indicators by construct
Social Cognitive Theory
The Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), founded in the field of psychology, is a theory that provides a framework for understanding, predicting and changing human behavior (Bandura, 1986). This theory was proposed by Bandura (1986), where initially it was designated Social Learning Theory.
The SCT states that human functioning is the product of a reciprocal interaction of intrapersonal, behavioral and environmental determinants (Bandura, 1986, 2012).
Subsequently, Compeau and Higgins (1995b) applied and extended SCT to the context of computer use. However, the nature of the model and the underlying theory allow it to be extended to the acceptance and use of information technology in general (Venkatesh et al., 2003).
Encouragement by Others, the Others' Use and Organizational Support in Computer Use, influence the Computer Self-Efficacy and the Outcome Expectations. Computer Self-Efficacy influences Usage directly as well as indirectly through Outcome Expectations, Affect, and Anxiety. Outcome Expectations influence Usage directly as well as indirectly through Affect. Finally, Affect and Anxiety are each of them influential in Usage (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b).
References: (Bandura, 1986, 2012; Compeau & Higgins, 1995b; Venkatesh et al., 2003)
Note: This diagram only contains the constructs proposed in the original theory/model.
Note: This list contains not only the constructs proposed in the original theory/model but also the constructs proposed by the authors that applied the theory/model in a particular context.
Note: This list contains the contexts were the theory/model was used/applied.
| Computer |
| Software Package |
| Virtual Worlds (VWs) |
Note 1: This list contains not only the constructs proposed in the original theory/model but also the constructs proposed by the authors that applied the theory/model in a particular context.
Note 2: Are only presented the constructs that are described in the literature in terms of indicators.
Note 2: Are only presented the constructs that are described in the literature in terms of indicators.
- Construct: Adaptive Use Intention
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Given a chance, I intend to use virtual world for collaborative tasks in my workplace in the future. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) Given a chance, I predict that I will frequently use virtual world in the future for collaborative tasks in my workplace. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I will strongly recommend others in my workplace to use virtual world for collaborative tasks. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I foresee the use of virtual world for collaborations and information sharing in my workplace in the near future. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Affect
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I like working with computers. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) Once I get working on the computer, I find it hard to stop. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) I look foward to those aspects of my job that require me to use a computer. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) Using a computer is frustating for me. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) I get bored quickly when working on a computer. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999)
- Construct: Anxiety
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I feel apprehensive about using computer. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) It scares me to think that I could cause the computer to destroy a large amount of information by hitting the wrong key. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) I hesitate to use a computer for fear of making mistakes I cannot correct. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) Computers are somewhat intimidating to me. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999)
- Construct: Cognitive Absorption (Control)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) When using virtual world I feel in control. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I feel that I have control over my interaction with members on virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) The virtual world allows me to control my computer interaction. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Cognitive Absorption (Curiosity)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using the virtual world excites my curiosity . Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) Interacting with the virtual world makes me curious. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) Using the virtual world arouses my imagination. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Cognitive Absorption (Focused Immersion)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I feel while using the virtual world I am able to block out most other distractions. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I feel while using the virtual world, I am absorbed in what I am doing. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I feel while on the virtual world, I am immersed in the task I am performing. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I feel while on the virtual world, I do not get diverted very easily. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Cognitive Absorption (Heightened Enjoyment)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I feel that when using virtual world, I have fun interacting. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I feel that when using virtual world, I have a lot of enjoyment. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I enjoy using the virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I do not get bored using the virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Cognitive Absorption (Temporal Dissociation)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I feel time appears to go by very quickly when I am using the virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I feel sometimes I lose track of time when I am using the virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I feel time flies when I am using the virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) Most times when I get on to the virtual world, I end up spending more time that I had planned. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I often spend more time on the virtual world than I had intended. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Compatibility
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I believe that using virtual world would be compatible with my collaborative tasks. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I believe that using virtual world would fit my lifestyle. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I believe that using virtual world would fit well with the way I like to collaborate or share information. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Computer Self-efficacy
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I could complete the job using the software package if there was someone giving me step by step instructions. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) I could complete the job using the software package if there was no one around to tell me what to do as I go. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) I could complete the job using the software package if I had only the software manuals for reference. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) I could complete the job using the software package if I had seen someone else using it before trying it myself. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) I could complete the job using the software package if I could call someone for help if I got stuck. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) I could complete the job using the software package if someone else had helped me get started. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) I could complete the job using the software package if I had a lot of time to complete the job for which the software was provided. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) I could complete the job using the software package if I had just the built-in help facility for assistance. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) I could complete the job using the software package if someone showed me how to do it first. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) I could complete the job using the software package if I had never used a package. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) I could complete the job using the software package if I had used similar packages before the same job. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) I could complete the job using the software if I had never used a package like it before. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) I could complete the job using the software if I had used similiar packages before this one to do the same job. Scale 1 to 10, Not at all Confident to Totally Confident Software Package (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999)
- Construct: Disposition to Trust
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I generally trust other people. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I generally count on other people. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I generally have faith in humanity. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I generally feel that people are generally reliable. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I generally trust other people unless they give me reason not to. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Encouragement by Others
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The extent to which their use of computers was encouraged by their peers in their work organization. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which their use of computers was encouraged by their peers in other organization. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which their use of computers was encouraged by their family. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which their use of computers was encouraged by their friends. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which their use of computers was encouraged by their manager. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which their use of computers was encouraged by other management. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which their use of computers was encouraged by their subordinates. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b)
- Construct: Familiarity
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I am familiar with virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I am familiar with the process of interacting with members on virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I am familiar with the members on virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I am familiar with the process of collaborating on virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I am familiar with the process of inquiring about the members on virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Others' Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The extent to which their peers in their work organization actually used computers. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which their peers in other organization actually used computers. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which their family actually used computers. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which their friends actually used computers. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which their manager actually used computers. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which other management actually used computers. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which their subordinates actually used computers. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b)
- Construct: Outcome Expectations (Performance)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) If I use a computer I will be better organized. Scale 1 to 5, Very Unlikely to Very Likely Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) If I use a computer I will increase my effectiveness on the job. Scale 1 to 5, Very Unlikely to Very Likely Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) If I use a computer I will spend less time on routine job tasks. Scale 1 to 5, Very Unlikely to Very Likely Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) If I use a computer I will increase the quality of output of my job. Scale 1 to 5, Very Unlikely to Very Likely Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) If I use a computer I will increase the quantity of output for the same amount of effort Scale 1 to 5, Very Unlikely to Very Likely Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) If I use a computer I will be less reliant on clerical support staff. Scale 1 to 5, Very Unlikely to Very Likely Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999)
- Construct: Outcome Expectations (Personal)
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) If I use a computer my co-workers will perceive me as competent. Scale 1 to 5, Very Unlikely to Very Likely Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) If I use a computer I will increase my sense of accomplishment. Scale 1 to 5, Very Unlikely to Very Likely Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) If I use a computer I will increase my chances of obtaining a promotion. Scale 1 to 5, Very Unlikely to Very Likely Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) If I use a computer I will be seen as higher in status by my peers. Scale 1 to 5, Very Unlikely to Very Likely Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) If I use a computer I will increase my chances of getting a raise. Scale 1 to 5, Very Unlikely to Very Likely Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995a) (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999)
- Construct: Perceived Ease of Use
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Learning to use virtual world would be easy for me. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) It would be easy to get virtual world to do what I want it to do. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) My interaction with virtual world would be clear and understandable. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) It would be easy for me to become skilful at using virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) Overall, I would find virtual world easy to use. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Perceived Innovativeness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) If I hear about a new information technology, I look for ways to experiment with it. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) Among my peers, I am usually the first to try out new information technologies. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I like to experiment with new information technologies. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) In general, I am not hesitant to try out new technologies. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Perceived Playfulness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) When using the virtual world I perceive to be spontaneous. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) When using the virtual world I perceive to be imaginative. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) When using the virtual world I perceive to be flexible. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) When using the virtual world I perceive to be creative. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) When using the virtual world I perceive to be playful. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) When using the virtual world I perceive to be original. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) When using the virtual world I perceive to be inventive. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Perceived Usefulness
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Using virtual world would enable me to accomplish collaboration tasks more quickly. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) Using virtual world for collaboration tasks would improve my performance. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) Using virtual world for collaboration tasks would enhance my effectiveness. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) Using virtual world would make it easier for me to carry out collaboration tasks. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) Overall, I find that virtual world is useful for collaboration tasks. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)
- Construct: Support
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) The extent to which assistance was available in terms of equipment selection. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which assistance was available in terms of hardware difficulties. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which assistance was available in terms of software difficulties. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which assistance was available in terms of specialized instruction. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) The extent to which their coworkers were a source of assistance in overcoming difficulties. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b) Their perception of the organization's overall support for computer. Scale 1 to 5 Computer (Compeau & Higgins, 1995b)
- Construct: Usage
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) Frequency of use at work. Direct Answer Computer (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) Duration of use at work. Direct Answer Computer (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) Duration of use at home on weekdays. Direct Answer Computer (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999) Duration of use at home on weekends. Direct Answer Computer (Compeau, Higgins, & Huff, 1999)
- Construct: User Trust
Indicator Scale Context Reference(s) I trust virtual world to be reliable. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I trust virtual world to be secure. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I believe the virtual world to be trustworthy. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) I trust the virtual world. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012) Even if the virtual world is not monitored, I'd trust them to do the job correctly. Likert 1-7 Virtual Worlds (VWs) (Chandra, Srivastava, & Theng, 2012)